Raumflug and the Occult Third Reich
'Du sieh'st zum Raum wird hier die Zeit.'
Parsifal Richard Wagner
RAUMFLUG AND THE OCCULT REICH
Dr. Hermann Oberth, who pioneered rocket design for the German Reich
during World War II and later advanced rocket technology for the
American manned space launches, cryptically stated,
“We cannot take the credit for our record advancement in certain scientific fields alone; we have been helped.”
When asked by whom, he replied:
“The people of other worlds.”
While the Third Reich made sure to eradicate the bewildering maze of occult orders, esoteric societies and Volkische movements the minute it came into power, it strangely left that other field with its many connections to the occult underground, that of science fiction, largely untouched. Thus, when the might of the German war machine unleashed its Blitzkrieg (lightening war) on an ill prepared Europe - its new strategic formula and technological terror tactics were reminiscent of that early sub-genre in science fiction entitled the 'Future War Tale'. While the sirens of the Stuka dive bombers, howling like the legendary Walkuren, transformed whole cities into hellish cauldrons of the alchemical Prima Materia, other minds in Germany kept on dreaming of soaring space ships and the conquest of space. The history of early German space flight and rocket development is complex and riddled with unexpected esoteric influences. Then there is the strong yearning to return to a mythical fatherland, that between the two world wars not always translated itself in earthly geographical coordinates. One fitting example of this is found in a German film that was thought lost forever. Only recently a copy of this film, entitled 'Wunder Der Schöpfung' (The Miracle Of Creation), has been found.
'Wunder Der Schöpfung' - 1927 |
In the context of Germany's Kulturfilm phenomenon, 'Wunder der Schöpfung' was among the greatest achievements of the 1920s. The production was constructed, rehearsed, and shot over a period of two and a half years, under the supervision of Hanns Walter Kornblum. The idea to describe the universe and man's place in it well suited UFA's Grossfilm mentality, one year before 'Metropolis'. Hundreds of skilled craftsmen participated in the project, building props and constructing scale models drawn by 15 special effects draughtsmen, while 9 cameramen in separate units worked on the historical, documentary, fiction, animation, and science-fiction sequences. Without star roles or even protagonists, the film's plot is crowded with meticulously structured and skillfully acted single scenes an artful mosaic of small vignettes. No less than four credited university professors ensured the factual background behind the scientific and historical events portrayed. The film's symbol of progress and the new scientific era is a spacecraft, travelling through the Milky Way, making all the planets and their inspiring worlds familiar to us, with the extravaganza of their distinctive features.
There is also a general feeling amongst connoisseurs that certain scenes might have served as a template for Stanley Kubrick's 2001. In the film a German scientific team travels through the universe in a spacecraft that serves as the symbol of progress and an age of new technologies, explaining all that is to be seen. 'Wunder Der Schöpfung' was not meant as lighthearted science fiction Instead, the film that was meant as an educational device begun in 1923. 'Jetzt gehort und Deutschland, morgen das ganse Sonnensystem' (Now Germany belongs to us, tomorrow the whole solar system), as thetrilogy coyly states, is the apt slogan. One could, perhaps, remark that, since Germany had lost most of its colonies, space formed the final formidable frontier. One author who envisioned the path to solar conquest in the dream-tanks of the Third Reich was Walter Heichen (1876 - 1970). His 'Jenseits der Stratosphäre. Erlebnisse zwischen Mond und Erde. Eine Erzählung für die Jugend' (On the Other Side of the Stratosphere. Experiences between the Moon and the Earth. A Story for the Youths) was published in 1931 and was reprinted in 1939 as 'Luftschiff im Weltenraum' (Airship in Space). Heichen, who lived in Berlin, already had published propaganda lecture to kindle pattriotic interest during the outbreak of the First World War. During the Third Reich his pattriotism adhered to the National Socialist cause. In Heichen's book, the protagonists travel to the planet of Sigma, where they encounter highly developed humanoids. Heichen died in Berlin in 1970. In 1925, a chronically ill and impoverished engineer in Vienna devoted himself entirely to space travel.
'Das Problem der Befahrung des Weltraums - der Raketen-motor' |
'Die Rakete' |
'Algol' - 1920 - UFA |
GERMAN 'FIELD PROPULSION' VEHICLES
Field propulsion is the concept of spacecraft propulsion where no propellant is necessary but instead momentum of the spacecraft is changed by an interaction of the spacecraft with external force fields.
The existence of World War Two German field propulsion flying saucers is a topic which is denied by most authorities on aviation history.
The problem is that in the years immediately following the Second World
War the earth's skies suddenly began to be populated by flying craft
which did some remarkable things.
They flew at unheard of speeds. They made very sharp turns, seemingly non-aerodynamic turns, even at this extreme speed.
They lacked the glowing tail of jets or rockets but they glowed or gave
off light at night from their periphery or from the whole craft.
They were silent or almost silent. Sometimes they gave off sounds that an electric generator or motor might make.
Sometimes vehicles with electrically based ignition systems ceased to
operate in the presence of these saucers, and by all accounts these
saucer were solid and material in nature.
No government claimed these flying craft, yet they were seen all over the world.
The press and popular culture attributed these unusual craft to an
extraterrestrial source, yet after over fifty years, no real proof for
this assertion has ever come to light.
After a crashed spacecraft was discovered in the Black Forest (Schwarzwald), near Freiburg in 1936, the Occult Corps built the Institute for Science and Mysticism (Das Institut für Wissenschaft und Mystizismus), also known as "Walhalla" which was designated an 'X Lab, to examine the wreck.
In fact, the Institute’s "X-Labs" acquired so much science and technology far beyond mankind’s current knowledge base that soon various X-Labs were constructed in several other locations throughout Germany as well, including Castle Erlangen, Castle Heidenheim, Castle Höllenhammer, Castle Naudabaum, Castle Nuremburg, Castle Wolfenstein.
The crashed spacecraft was significant bcause the Vril Society,
which had been incorprated into the Ahnenerbe believed that Aryans were
a creation of the Black Sun - which is a form of Swastika, and had
originated close to the Pliades, from a planet orbiting the star الدبران Aldaberan (which translates literally as "the follower" presumably because this bright star appears to follow the
Pleiades, or "Seven Sisters" star cluster in the night sky).
The upshot of this belief was that the Aryans were originally aliens.
And this information came from Maria Orsitsch (see right), in cooperation with the occultist Baron Rudolf von Sebottendorf, the Gurdjeff disciple Karl Haushofer, the engineer and ace pilot Lothar Waiz, Prelate Gernot of the secret "Societas Templi Marcioni" (The Inheritors of the Knights Templar).
Pleiades, or "Seven Sisters" star cluster in the night sky).
The upshot of this belief was that the Aryans were originally aliens.
And this information came from Maria Orsitsch (see right), in cooperation with the occultist Baron Rudolf von Sebottendorf, the Gurdjeff disciple Karl Haushofer, the engineer and ace pilot Lothar Waiz, Prelate Gernot of the secret "Societas Templi Marcioni" (The Inheritors of the Knights Templar).
Her father was a Croatian and her mother was a German from Vienna.
Maria Orsitsch was the head of the Alldeutsche Gesellschaft für
Metaphysik (The All German Society for Metaphysics) founded in the early
20th century as a female circle of mediums who were involved in
extraterrestrial telepathic contact.
In 1917 Maria Orsitsch is said to have made contact with extraterrestrials from Aldebaran with her female Vril circle.
In December 1919 a small circle of persons from the Thule Gesellschaft, the Vril Society and the DHvSS - Die Herren vom Schwarzen Stein met in a specially rented forester’s lodge near Berchtesgaden, close to the home of Dietrich Eckart.
They were accompanied by the medium Maria Orsic and another medium only
known as Sigrun. Maria had mediumistically received transmission in a
secret Templar script – a language unknown to her – with the technical
data for the construction of a flying machine (see right).
According to Vril documents these telepathic messages also came from the
solar system Aldebaran, which is sixty-four light-years away in the
constellation Taurus.
The Vril Society
not only taught concentration exercises designed to awaken the forces
of Vril, their main goal was to achieve Raumflug (Spaceflight) (see
left), and the creation of a 'Jenseitsflugmaschine' to reach Aldebaran.
To achieve this, the Vril Society, the Thule Gesellschaft and the DHvSS
Die Herren des schwarzen Steins were incorperated into the SS Ahnenerbe
as part of an ambitious program to develop an inter-dimensional flight
machine based on psychic revelations from the Aldebaran aliens.
During this early phase of alternative science Dr. W. O. Schumann (see
right) of the Technical University in Munich, both a Thule and a Vril
member, made a speech, a section of which is reproduced here:
'In everything we recognize two principles that determine events: light
and darkness, good and evil, creation and destruction - as in
electricity we have positive and negative. It is always either/or.
These two principles - the creative and the destructive - also determine our technical means...
Everything destructive is of Satanic origin, everything creative is
divine... Every technology based upon explosion or combustion has thus
to be called Satanic. The coming new age will be an age of a new,
positive, divine technology...'
(from the German SS secret archives).
Johannes Kepler (see left), whose ideas Schauberger followed, had
knowledge of the secret teachings of Pythagoras that had been adopted
and kept secret by the Knights Templar.
It was the knowledge of implosion (in this case the utilization of the potential of the inner worlds in the outer world).
Hitler knew - as did the Thule and Vril people - that the divine principle was always constructive.
A technology that is based on explosion, however, and is therefore destructive runs against the divine principle.
Thus they wanted to create a technology based on implosion.
Schauberger's theory of oscillation (principle of the overtone sequence, the monochord) takes up the knowledge of implosion.
To put it simply: implosion instead of explosion.
Following the energy paths of the monochord and implosion technology one
reaches the realm of antimatter and thus the cancellation of gravity.
Saucer-shaped flying machines
In the summer of 1922 the first saucer-shaped Jenseitsflugmaschine
(flying machine) (see left) was built whose drive was based on
implosion.
It had a disk eight metres across with a second disk with a diameter of
six and a half metres above and a third disk of seven metres diameter
below.
These three disks had a hole at the centre of 1.8 metres across in which
the drive, which was two meters and forty centimetres high, was
mounted.
At the bottom the central body was cone-shaped, and there a pendulum reaching the cellar was hung that served for stabilisation.
In the activated state the top and bottom disk revolved in opposing directions to build up an electromagnetic rotating field.
The performance of this first flying disk is not known, but experiments
were carried out with it for two years before it was dismantled and
probably stored in the Augsburg works of Messerschmidt (see right).
In the books of several German industrial companies entries under the codename "JFM" (for Jenseitsflugmaschine) can be found that show payments towards financing this work.
In the books of several German industrial companies entries under the codename "JFM" (for Jenseitsflugmaschine) can be found that show payments towards financing this work.
Certainly the 'Vril Drive' (formally called "Schumann SM-Levitator") emerged from this machine.
In principle the "other side flying machine" should create an extremely
strong field around itself extending somewhat into its surroundings
which would render the space thus enclosed including the machine a
microcosm absolutely independent of the earthbound space.
At maximum strength this field would be independent of all surrounding
universal forces - like gravitation, electromagnetism, radiation and
matter of any kind - and could therefore manoeuvre within a
gravitational or any other field at will, without acceleration forces
being effective or perceptible.
In June 1934 Viktor Schauberger was invited by Hitler and the highest
representatives of the Thule and Vril societies, and from then on worked
with them.
After the initial failure, the first so-called German UFO also appeared in June 1934.
Under the leadership of Dr. W. O. Schumann the first experimental round
flying machine, the RFZ 1 (Rundflugzeug 1) (see left)was developed on
the grounds of the aircraft factory Arado in Brandenburg.
In its first and only flight it rose vertically to around 60 metres, then wobbled and danced in the air for minutes.
The Arado 196 guiding system was utterly useless, and the pilot, Lothar
Waiz, just managed to somehow bring it down to the ground, jump out and
run away before it began to act like a spinning top, turned over and
literally ripped to pieces.
That was the end of the RFZ 1, but the beginning of the VRIL flying machines.
Before the end of 1934 the RFZ 2 was ready, with a Vril Drive and a "magnetic field impulse steering unit".
It had a diameter of five metres and the following flying characteristics:
With rising speed the visible contours became blurred and the craft
showed the colours typical for UFOs: depending on the drive setting;
red, orange, yellow, green, white, blue or purple.
It worked - and it met with a remarkable destiny in 1941, during the
"Battle of Britain", when it was used as transatlantic reconnaissance
craft, because the German standard fighters, ME 109s, had an
insufficient range for these flights.
By the end of 1941 it was photographed over the southern Atlantic on its way to the German cruiser Atlantis in Antarctic waters.
It could not be used as a fighter though, as the impulse steering
allowed only changes of direction at 90gr, 45gr or 22.50 gr, which is
exactly the right-angled flying pattern associated with and typical of
UFOs today.
After
the success of the small RFZ 2 as a distant reconnoitre craft the Vril
Gesellschaft got its own test area in Brandenburg (see left).
By the end of 1942 the lightly armed 'Vril-1-Jäger" (Vril-1 fighter) (see right) was airborne.
It measured 11.5 metres across, carried one person, had a
"Schumann-Levitator" drive and a "magnetic field impulse steering unit".
It reached speeds of 2,900 to 12,000 km/h, could change direction at a
right angle at full speed without affecting the pilot, could fly in any
weather and had a 100% space capability.
Seventeen VRIL-1's were built and some versions had two seats and glass domes.
Several disks were built under this code, but with conventional jet engines.
Andreas Epp had designed a combination of levitating disk and jet propulsion, the RFZ 7.
The design groups Schriever-Habermohl and Miethe-Belluzo worked on it.
The RFZ 7 had a diameter of forty-two metres, but it crashed on landing at Spitzbergen.
A second craft was later photographed outside Prague.
According to Andreas Epp this craft was to be armed with nuclear warheads to attack New York.
In July 1941 Schriever-Habermohl built a round vertical take-off craft with jet propulsion, but it had severe shortcomings.
They went on to develop an "electro-gravitational flying gyro" with a "tachyon drive" which proved more successful.
Then Schriever, Habermohl and Belluzo built the RFZ 7 T that was fully functional.
The V-7 flying disks however were mere toys compared to the Vril and Haunebu disks.
Within the SS there was a group studying alternative energy, the SS-E-IV
(Development Group IV of the Black Sun) whose main task was to render
Germany independent of foreign oil.
The SS-E-IV developed from the existing Vril drives and the tachyon
converter of Captain Hans Coler the "Thule Drive" which later was called
the "Thule Tachyonator".
Haunebu Vehicles
It was an armed flying gyro with the odd name Haunebu I.
It was twenty-five metres across and carried a crew of eight.
At first it reached a speed of 4,800 km/h, later up to 17,000 km/h.
It was equipped with two 6 cm KSK ("Kraftstrahlkanonen", power ray guns)
in revolving towers and four machine guns. It had a 60% space
capability.
The diameters varied from twenty-six to thirty-two metres and their height from nine to eleven metres.
They carried between nine and twenty people, had a Thule Tachyonator drive and near the ground reached a speed of 6,000 km/h.
It could fly in space and had a range of fifty-five flying hours.
At this time there already existed plans for a large-capacity craft, the Vril 7 with a diameter of 120m.
A short while later the Haunebu III, the showpiece of all disks, was ready, at seventy-one meters across.
It was filmed flying, and t could transport thirty-two men could remain
airborne for eight weeks and reached at least 7,000 km/h (according to
documents in the secret SS archives up to 40,000 km/h).
The Foo Fighters
Although it set the stage for the drama of modern ufology, Kenneth Arnold's 1947 sighting of nine anomalous objects flitting between the peaks of the Cascade Mountains was not the first twentieth-century UFO encounter.
In the closing stages of the Second World War, Allied pilots on night-time bombing raids over Europe frequently reported strange flying objects.
These objects were christened Foo Fighters', after a catchphrase in the popular Smokey Stover comic strip. 'Where there's foo, there's fire.' ('Foo' was also a play on the French word feu, meaning fire.)
The aircrews suspected that the objects might be some kind of German secret weapon. On 2 January 1945, the New York Herald Tribune carried the following brief Associated Press release: Now, it seems, the Nazis have thrown something new into the night skies over Germany.
It is the weird, mysterious Foo fighter' balls which race alongside the wings of Beaufighters flying intruder missions over Germany.
Pilots have been encountering this eerie weapon for more than a month in their night flights.
No one apparently knows what this sky weapon is. The 'balls of fire' appear suddenly and accompany the planes for miles.
They seem to be radio-controlled from the ground, so official intelligence reports reveal.
In their book Man-Made UFOs (1994), Renato Vesco (a pioneer of the Nazi-UFO hypothesis) and David Hatcher Childress cite the testimony of a former American flying officer who had worked for the intelligence section of the Eighth Air Force towards the end of the war.
Wishing to remain anonymous, the officer said to the New York press: 'It is quite possible that the flying saucers are the latest development of a "psychological" anti-aircraft weapon that the Germans had already used.
During night missions over western Germany I happened to see on several occasions shining discs or balls that followed our formations.
It was well known that the German night fighters had powerful headlights in their noses or propeller hubs - lights that would suddenly catch the target, partly in order to give the German pilots better aim but mostly in order to blind the enemy tail gunners in their turrets.
They caused frequent alarms and continual nervous tension among the crews, thereby lowering their efficiency.
During the last year of the war the Germans also sent up a number of radio-controlled bright objects to interfere with the ignition systems of our engines or the operation of the on-board radar.
In all probability American scientists picked up this invention and are now perfecting it so that it will be on a par with the new offensive and defensive air weapons.'
Unfortunately, Vesco and Childress are not forthcoming with a detailed reference for this statement.
The British UFO investigators Peter Hough and Jenny Randies make the interesting point that the Second World War saw more people in the skies than any other prior period, and that it was therefore no great surprise that UFOs should have been spotted in abundance.
Of course, this statement carries the implication of a likely nonhuman origin of the objects, which advocates of the Nazi-UFO hypothesis hotly dispute: for them, the large number of Foo Fighter sightings, coupled with the obvious interest the objects showed in Allied aircraft, strongly implies that they were built specifically to interact in some way with those aircraft.
As is so often the case with the UFO mystery, genuine sightings generated various rumours of official interest in the phenomenon.
For instance, there was, allegedly, a secret British government investigation into the Foo Fighter reports called the Massey Project. 'However,' write Hough and Randies, 'Air Chief Marshal Sir Victor Goddard - who was an outspoken believer in alien craft during the 1950s -flatly denied this and said that Treasury approval for such a minor exercise at a time when Britain was fighting for its survival would have been ludicrous.'
Some encounters undoubtedly had mundane explanations.
For example, during a bombing raid on a factory at Schweinfurt, Germany on 14 October 1943, flight crews of the American 384th Squadron observed a large cluster of discs, which were silver in colour, one inch thick and about three inches in diameter.
They were floating gently down through the air directly in the path of the American aircraft, and one pilot feared that his B- 17 Flying Fortress would be destroyed on contact with the objects.
However, the bomber cut through the cluster of discs and continued on its way undamaged. It is quite possible that encounters such as this were actually with 'chaff, pieces of metal foil released by German Aphrodite balloons to confuse radar by returning false images.
Nevertheless, many aircrews reported events that were not so easy to explain, including the harassment of their aircraft by small, glowing, disc-shaped and spherical objects that were highly manoeuvrable.
On 23 November 1944, Lieutenant Edward Schlueter of the 415th US Night Fighter Squadron was flying a heavy night fighter from his base at Dijon towards Mainz.
Twenty miles from Strasbourg, Lieutenant Fred Ringwald, an Air Force intelligence officer who was on the mission as an observer, glanced out of the cockpit and noticed about ten glowing red balls flying very fast in formation.
Schlueter suggested that they might be stars, but this explanation was proved wrong when the objects approached the plane.
Schlueter radioed the American ground radar station, informing them that they were being chased by German night fighters, to which the station replied that nothing was showing on their scope.
Schlueter's radar observer, Lieutenant Donald J. Meiers, checked his own scope, but could detect nothing unusual.
Schlueter then decided to make for the objects at full throttle.
The response from the Foo Fighters was instantaneous: their fiery red glow rapidly dimmed, until they were lost to sight.
Less than two minutes later, however, they reappeared, although they seemed to have lost interest in the American aircraft and glided off into the night towards Germany.
Upon the objects' departure, the fighter's radar began to malfunction, forcing the crew to abandon their mission.
In an encounter of 27 November 1944 over Speyer, pilots Henry Giblin and Walter Cleary reported a large orange light flying at 250 mph about 1,500 feet above their fighter.
The radar station in the sector replied that there was nothing else there.
Nevertheless, a subsequent malfunction in the plane's radar system forced it to return to base.
An official report was made - the first of its kind - which resulted in many jokes at the pilots' expense.
After the 27 November encounter, pilots who saw the Foo Fighters decided not to include them in their flight reports.
This self-imposed censorship was broken by two pilots named McFalls and Baker of the 415th, who submitted a flight report on their mission of 22 December 1944.
In part, the report reads: At 0600, near Hagenau, at 10,000 feet altitude, two very bright lights climbed toward us from the ground.
They leveled off and stayed on the tail of our plane.
They were huge bright orange lights. They stayed there for two minutes. On my tail all the time. They were under perfect control. Then they turned away from us, and the fire seemed to go out.
The Foo Fighters were not only witnessed by air crews.
Hough and Randies cite a report from a former prisoner of war at the Heydebreck camp in Upper Silesia, Poland. At 3 p.m. on 22 January 1945 a number of men were being paraded by the Germans before being marched away to evade the liberating Russian Army.
A bomber appeared overhead, flying at about 18,000 feet, and the men gazed in horror at what seemed to be fire pouring from its rear end.
Then they thought it might be a flare caught up in the slipstream of the aircraft.
Finally, they realised it was neither of these things: the object was a silvery ball hugging the bomber, which was desperately trying to evade it.
The foo fighter was still right on the tail of the aircraft as both passed into the distance.
On 1 January 1945, Howard W. Blakeslee, science editor of the Associated Press, claimed that the mysterious Foo Fighters were nothing more than St Elmo's Fire, spontaneous lights produced by an electrostatic discharge on the fuselages of the Allied aircraft.
According to Blakeslee, this explanation also accounted for the fact that the Foo Fighters did not show up on radar.
The pilots who actually encountered the objects were unimpressed with Blakeslee's solution: most of them had been flying for a number of years, and knew St Elmo's Fire when they saw it.
The Foo Fighters were something entirely different: the light they produced went on and off at intervals that seemed to be related to their speed; their shape was often clearly discernible as either discoid or spherical; and they were frequently reported as spinning rapidly on their vertical axis.
No Allied aircraft were ever brought down by Foo Fighters (which seemed more content to pace them and interfere with their radar), and so it was considered likely that the objects were dangerous German secret weapons, perhaps a radical development of V-weapon technology.
The V-ls were already causing carnage in London, and it was known that German scientists were desperately trying to develop a ballistic missile that could hit America. According to Vesco and Childress, several Foo Fighter stories were leaked in December 1944 to the American Legion Magazine, which then published the personal opinions of several US Intelligence officers that the Foo Fighters were radio-controlled radar-jamming devices sent up by the Germans.
Vesco and Childress go on to cite the testimony of another (unnamed) B-17 pilot who decided to intercept a Foo Fighter and succeeded in getting within a few hundred yards of the shining sphere.
He reported hearing 'a strange sound, like the "backwash of invisible planes"'.
The last reported encounter with Foo Fighters occurred in early May 1945, near the eastern edge of the Pfalzerwald.
A pilot, once again from the 415th Squadron, saw five orange balls of light flying in a 'V formation in the distance.
Although it set the stage for the drama of modern ufology, Kenneth Arnold's 1947 sighting of nine anomalous objects flitting between the peaks of the Cascade Mountains was not the first twentieth-century UFO encounter.
In the closing stages of the Second World War, Allied pilots on night-time bombing raids over Europe frequently reported strange flying objects.
These objects were christened Foo Fighters', after a catchphrase in the popular Smokey Stover comic strip. 'Where there's foo, there's fire.' ('Foo' was also a play on the French word feu, meaning fire.)
The aircrews suspected that the objects might be some kind of German secret weapon. On 2 January 1945, the New York Herald Tribune carried the following brief Associated Press release: Now, it seems, the Nazis have thrown something new into the night skies over Germany.
It is the weird, mysterious Foo fighter' balls which race alongside the wings of Beaufighters flying intruder missions over Germany.
Pilots have been encountering this eerie weapon for more than a month in their night flights.
No one apparently knows what this sky weapon is. The 'balls of fire' appear suddenly and accompany the planes for miles.
They seem to be radio-controlled from the ground, so official intelligence reports reveal.
In their book Man-Made UFOs (1994), Renato Vesco (a pioneer of the Nazi-UFO hypothesis) and David Hatcher Childress cite the testimony of a former American flying officer who had worked for the intelligence section of the Eighth Air Force towards the end of the war.
Wishing to remain anonymous, the officer said to the New York press: 'It is quite possible that the flying saucers are the latest development of a "psychological" anti-aircraft weapon that the Germans had already used.
During night missions over western Germany I happened to see on several occasions shining discs or balls that followed our formations.
It was well known that the German night fighters had powerful headlights in their noses or propeller hubs - lights that would suddenly catch the target, partly in order to give the German pilots better aim but mostly in order to blind the enemy tail gunners in their turrets.
They caused frequent alarms and continual nervous tension among the crews, thereby lowering their efficiency.
During the last year of the war the Germans also sent up a number of radio-controlled bright objects to interfere with the ignition systems of our engines or the operation of the on-board radar.
In all probability American scientists picked up this invention and are now perfecting it so that it will be on a par with the new offensive and defensive air weapons.'
Unfortunately, Vesco and Childress are not forthcoming with a detailed reference for this statement.
The British UFO investigators Peter Hough and Jenny Randies make the interesting point that the Second World War saw more people in the skies than any other prior period, and that it was therefore no great surprise that UFOs should have been spotted in abundance.
Of course, this statement carries the implication of a likely nonhuman origin of the objects, which advocates of the Nazi-UFO hypothesis hotly dispute: for them, the large number of Foo Fighter sightings, coupled with the obvious interest the objects showed in Allied aircraft, strongly implies that they were built specifically to interact in some way with those aircraft.
As is so often the case with the UFO mystery, genuine sightings generated various rumours of official interest in the phenomenon.
For instance, there was, allegedly, a secret British government investigation into the Foo Fighter reports called the Massey Project. 'However,' write Hough and Randies, 'Air Chief Marshal Sir Victor Goddard - who was an outspoken believer in alien craft during the 1950s -flatly denied this and said that Treasury approval for such a minor exercise at a time when Britain was fighting for its survival would have been ludicrous.'
Some encounters undoubtedly had mundane explanations.
For example, during a bombing raid on a factory at Schweinfurt, Germany on 14 October 1943, flight crews of the American 384th Squadron observed a large cluster of discs, which were silver in colour, one inch thick and about three inches in diameter.
They were floating gently down through the air directly in the path of the American aircraft, and one pilot feared that his B- 17 Flying Fortress would be destroyed on contact with the objects.
However, the bomber cut through the cluster of discs and continued on its way undamaged. It is quite possible that encounters such as this were actually with 'chaff, pieces of metal foil released by German Aphrodite balloons to confuse radar by returning false images.
Nevertheless, many aircrews reported events that were not so easy to explain, including the harassment of their aircraft by small, glowing, disc-shaped and spherical objects that were highly manoeuvrable.
On 23 November 1944, Lieutenant Edward Schlueter of the 415th US Night Fighter Squadron was flying a heavy night fighter from his base at Dijon towards Mainz.
Twenty miles from Strasbourg, Lieutenant Fred Ringwald, an Air Force intelligence officer who was on the mission as an observer, glanced out of the cockpit and noticed about ten glowing red balls flying very fast in formation.
Schlueter suggested that they might be stars, but this explanation was proved wrong when the objects approached the plane.
Schlueter radioed the American ground radar station, informing them that they were being chased by German night fighters, to which the station replied that nothing was showing on their scope.
Schlueter's radar observer, Lieutenant Donald J. Meiers, checked his own scope, but could detect nothing unusual.
Schlueter then decided to make for the objects at full throttle.
The response from the Foo Fighters was instantaneous: their fiery red glow rapidly dimmed, until they were lost to sight.
Less than two minutes later, however, they reappeared, although they seemed to have lost interest in the American aircraft and glided off into the night towards Germany.
Upon the objects' departure, the fighter's radar began to malfunction, forcing the crew to abandon their mission.
In an encounter of 27 November 1944 over Speyer, pilots Henry Giblin and Walter Cleary reported a large orange light flying at 250 mph about 1,500 feet above their fighter.
The radar station in the sector replied that there was nothing else there.
Nevertheless, a subsequent malfunction in the plane's radar system forced it to return to base.
An official report was made - the first of its kind - which resulted in many jokes at the pilots' expense.
After the 27 November encounter, pilots who saw the Foo Fighters decided not to include them in their flight reports.
This self-imposed censorship was broken by two pilots named McFalls and Baker of the 415th, who submitted a flight report on their mission of 22 December 1944.
In part, the report reads: At 0600, near Hagenau, at 10,000 feet altitude, two very bright lights climbed toward us from the ground.
They leveled off and stayed on the tail of our plane.
They were huge bright orange lights. They stayed there for two minutes. On my tail all the time. They were under perfect control. Then they turned away from us, and the fire seemed to go out.
The Foo Fighters were not only witnessed by air crews.
Hough and Randies cite a report from a former prisoner of war at the Heydebreck camp in Upper Silesia, Poland. At 3 p.m. on 22 January 1945 a number of men were being paraded by the Germans before being marched away to evade the liberating Russian Army.
A bomber appeared overhead, flying at about 18,000 feet, and the men gazed in horror at what seemed to be fire pouring from its rear end.
Then they thought it might be a flare caught up in the slipstream of the aircraft.
Finally, they realised it was neither of these things: the object was a silvery ball hugging the bomber, which was desperately trying to evade it.
The foo fighter was still right on the tail of the aircraft as both passed into the distance.
On 1 January 1945, Howard W. Blakeslee, science editor of the Associated Press, claimed that the mysterious Foo Fighters were nothing more than St Elmo's Fire, spontaneous lights produced by an electrostatic discharge on the fuselages of the Allied aircraft.
According to Blakeslee, this explanation also accounted for the fact that the Foo Fighters did not show up on radar.
The pilots who actually encountered the objects were unimpressed with Blakeslee's solution: most of them had been flying for a number of years, and knew St Elmo's Fire when they saw it.
The Foo Fighters were something entirely different: the light they produced went on and off at intervals that seemed to be related to their speed; their shape was often clearly discernible as either discoid or spherical; and they were frequently reported as spinning rapidly on their vertical axis.
No Allied aircraft were ever brought down by Foo Fighters (which seemed more content to pace them and interfere with their radar), and so it was considered likely that the objects were dangerous German secret weapons, perhaps a radical development of V-weapon technology.
The V-ls were already causing carnage in London, and it was known that German scientists were desperately trying to develop a ballistic missile that could hit America. According to Vesco and Childress, several Foo Fighter stories were leaked in December 1944 to the American Legion Magazine, which then published the personal opinions of several US Intelligence officers that the Foo Fighters were radio-controlled radar-jamming devices sent up by the Germans.
Vesco and Childress go on to cite the testimony of another (unnamed) B-17 pilot who decided to intercept a Foo Fighter and succeeded in getting within a few hundred yards of the shining sphere.
He reported hearing 'a strange sound, like the "backwash of invisible planes"'.
The last reported encounter with Foo Fighters occurred in early May 1945, near the eastern edge of the Pfalzerwald.
A pilot, once again from the 415th Squadron, saw five orange balls of light flying in a 'V formation in the distance.
Its outer shape recalled the shell of a turtle.
They were unmanned probes that could cause disruption in the electric ignition systems of the enemy.
They carried advanced "Klystronröhren" (clystron tubes) that the SS called death rays.
(A klystron is a specialized linear-beam vacuum tube (evacuated electron tube).
Klystrons are used as amplifiers at microwave and radiofrequencies to produce both low-power reference signals for superheterodyne radar receivers and to produce high-power carrier waves for communications and the driving force for modern particle accelerators.)
(A klystron is a specialized linear-beam vacuum tube (evacuated electron tube).
Klystrons are used as amplifiers at microwave and radiofrequencies to produce both low-power reference signals for superheterodyne radar receivers and to produce high-power carrier waves for communications and the driving force for modern particle accelerators.)
The ignition disrupter did not work perfectly at the outset; later
follow-up versions did, however, and the ufologists will confirm that
disruption of ignition.
The cutting of electrical power to equipment is a typical sign when a UFO is near.
Wendelle C. Stevens, U.S. Air Force pilot during the Second World War,
describes the 'foo fighters' as sometimes grey-green, or red-orange;
they approached his aircraft to within about five metres and then stayed
there.
They could not be shaken off nor shot down and they often caused squadrons to turn back or land.
The 'Soap Bubbles' that were also called 'foo fighters' were something completely different.
They were simple balloons in which projected metal spirals that
disturbed enemy radar. Their success was probably very limited,
disregarding the psychological effect.
The Andromeda Device
At the beginning of 1943 a cigar-shaped mother ship was planned to be build in the Zeppelin works (see right).
The Andromeda Device, at a length of 139m, could transport several
saucer-shaped craft in its body for flights of long duration
(interstellar flights).
By Christmas 1943 an important meeting of the Vril Gesellschaft (see left) took place at the seaside resort of Kolberg.
The two mediums Maria Ortic (see right) and Sigrun attended. The main item on the agenda was the Aldebaran Project.
The mediums had received precise information about the habitable planets
around the sun Aldebaran and one began to plan a trip there.
On January 22, 1944 a meeting between Hitler (see left); Himmler (see right), Kunkel (of the Vril Society) and Dr. Schumann this project was discussed.
It was planned to send the Vril 7 large-capacity craft through a
dimension channel independent of the speed of light to Aldebaran.
According to Ratthofer a first test flight in the dimension channel took place in the winter of 1944.
It barely avoided disaster, for photographs show the Vril 7 after the flight looking "as if it had been flying for a hundred years".
It barely avoided disaster, for photographs show the Vril 7 after the flight looking "as if it had been flying for a hundred years".
The outer skin looked ‘aged’ and was damaged in several places.
On February 14, 1944, a supersonic helicopter - constructed by Schriever
and Habermohl under the V 7 project - that was equipped with twelve
turbo-units BMW 028 was flown by the test pilot Joachim Röhlike at
Peenemünde.
The vertical rate of ascent was 800 metres per minute, it reached a
height of 24,200 metres and in horizontal flight a speed of 2,200 km/h.
It could also be driven with unconventional energy, but the helicopter
never saw action since Peenemünde was bombed in 1944 and the subsequent
move to Prague didn't work out either, because the Americans and the
Russians occupied Prague before the flying machines were ready again.
In
the secret archives of the SS, the British and the Americans discovered
photographs of the Haunebu II and the Vril I crafts as well as shots of
the Andromeda device during the occupation of Germany at the beginning
of 1945.
Due to President Truman's decision in March 1946 the war fleet command of the U.S. gave permission to collect material regarding the German high technology experiments.
Under Operation PAPERCLIP German scientists who had worked in secret were brought to the U.S. privately, among them Victor Schauberger and Werhner Von Braun (see right).
Due to President Truman's decision in March 1946 the war fleet command of the U.S. gave permission to collect material regarding the German high technology experiments.
Under Operation PAPERCLIP German scientists who had worked in secret were brought to the U.S. privately, among them Victor Schauberger and Werhner Von Braun (see right).
A short summary of the developments that were meant to be produced in series:
The first project was led by Prof. Dr. mg. W. O. Schumann of the
Technical University Munich. Under his guidance seventeen disk-shaped
flying machines with a diameter of 11.5 m were built, the so-called
VRIL-1-Jäger (Vril-1 fighters), that made 84 test flights.
At least one VRIL-7 and one VRIL-7 large capacity craft apparently started from Brandenburg - after the whole test area had been blown up - towards Aldebaran with some of the Vril scientists and Vril lodge members.
At least one VRIL-7 and one VRIL-7 large capacity craft apparently started from Brandenburg - after the whole test area had been blown up - towards Aldebaran with some of the Vril scientists and Vril lodge members.
The second project was run by the SS-W development group.
Until the beginning of 1945 they had three different sizes of bell-shaped space gyros built.
Until the beginning of 1945 they had three different sizes of bell-shaped space gyros built.
The Haunebu I, 25m diameter: two machines were built that made 52 test flights (speed ca. 4,800 km/h).
The Haunebu II, 32m diameter: seven machines built that made 106 test
flights (speed ca. 6,000 km/h). The Haunebu II was already planned for
series production.
Tenders were requested from the Dornier and Junkers aircraft manufacturers, and at the end of March 1945 the decision was made in favour of Dornier.
The official name for the heavy craft was to be DO-STRA (DOrnier STRAtospehric craft).
Tenders were requested from the Dornier and Junkers aircraft manufacturers, and at the end of March 1945 the decision was made in favour of Dornier.
The official name for the heavy craft was to be DO-STRA (DOrnier STRAtospehric craft).
The Haunebu III (see left), 71m diameter: only one machine built that made at least 19 test flights (speed ca. 7,000 km/h).
The Andromeda Device existed on the drawing board; it was 139m long and
had hangars for one Haunebu II, two Vril I's and two Vril II's.
There are documents showing that the VRIL 7 large capacity craft has
started for secret earth-bound missions after it was finished and test
flown by the end of 1944:
1. A landing at the Mondsee in the Salzkammergut in Austria, with dives to test the pressure resistance of the hull.
2. Probably in March and April 1945 the VRIL 7 was stationed in the
"Alpenfestung" for security and strategic reasons, from whence it flew
to Spain to get important personalities who had fled there to South
America and "Neuschwabenland" [the NAZI-claimed Antarctic territory]
safely, and to the secret German bases erected there during the war.
3. Immediately after this the VRIL 7 is said to have started on a secret
flight to Japan about which nothing further is known however.
What happened to these flying machines after the war?
It cannot be excluded that a small series of the Haunebu II might have been built.
The several photographs of UFOs that emerged after 1945 with the typical features of these German constructions suggest as much.
Some say that some of them had been sunk into the Austrian Mondsee,
others maintain that they were flown to South America or brought there
in parts.
It is certain, however, that if the craft didn't get to South America,
the plans that allowed for new ones to be built and flown were sent
there, for an important part had been used in 1983 in the "Phoenix
Project", the follow-on project of the 1943 "Philadelphia Experiment".
This was a teleportation, materialization and time travel experiment of
the U.S. Navy.
In 1938 a German expedition to the Antarctic was made with the aircraft carrier Schwabenland (Swabia).
600,000 km2 of ice-free areas with lakes and mountains were declared German territory, the "Neuschwabenland" (New Swabia).
Whole fleets of submarines of the 21 and 23 series later headed towards Neuschwabenland.
Today about one hundred German submarines are still unaccounted for,
some equipped with the Walter Schnorkel, a device that allowed them to
stay submerged for several weeks, and it can be assumed that they fled
to Neuschwabenland with the dismantled flying disks or at least the
construction plans.
Again it must be assumed that since the test flights had been very
successful some so-called flying saucers have flown there directly at
the end of the war.
Admiral E. Byrd |
He had been given eight months for the exercise, but had to stop after eight weeks with high losses of planes.
Norbert-Jürgen Ratthofer writes about the whereabouts of the Haunebu developments in his book "Zeitmaschinen" (Time Machines):
'The Haunebu I, II and III space gyros and the VRIL I space flying disk
had disappeared after May 1945... It is very interesting to note in this
context that after its nineteenth test flight, the German Haunebu III
is said to have taken off on April 21, 1945, from Neuschwabenland, a
vast, officially German territory in the Eastern Antarctic, for an
expedition to Mars, about which there is nothing further known...'
One year later, in 1946, the many sightings that suddenly occurred in
Scandinavia of shining objects of unknown and definitely artificial
origin caused a great stir among the Allies in East and West.
Again one year later, in 1947, and well into the Fifties, a rising
number of shining unknown flying objects, doubtlessly steered by
intelligent beings - mostly round, disk- or bell-shaped, sometimes
cigar-shaped - so-called UFOs, appeared over North America.
It is further stated that colour photographs taken by a night guard in West Germany in the Seventies exist of a landed and restarted flying disk that had both a knight's cross and a swastika on its hull.
It is further stated that colour photographs taken by a night guard in West Germany in the Seventies exist of a landed and restarted flying disk that had both a knight's cross and a swastika on its hull.
Good photographic material proves that the Haunebu II version especially had been sighted very often since 1945.
In addition a significantly high percentage of the cases where personal contacts with the people from the so-called UFOs was made, these were with Aryan types - blond and blue-eyed - and that they either spoke fluent German or another language with a German accent.
Photos of the Haunebu craft strongly resemble the Adamski saucer pictures of the early 1950s (see left).
These saucers were seen, and pictures of them taken world-wide.
There were many different sources for both sighting of Adamski saucers and pictures of them.
There were so many in the early 1950s that it is hard to believe that all of them are fakes.
Mr. Ettl and Mr. Juergen- Ratthofer maintain that these "Adamski saucers" are really the German-designed Haunebu type saucers.
Since they were flown after the war, certain questions as to their origin arise.
In addition a significantly high percentage of the cases where personal contacts with the people from the so-called UFOs was made, these were with Aryan types - blond and blue-eyed - and that they either spoke fluent German or another language with a German accent.
Photos of the Haunebu craft strongly resemble the Adamski saucer pictures of the early 1950s (see left).
These saucers were seen, and pictures of them taken world-wide.
There were many different sources for both sighting of Adamski saucers and pictures of them.
There were so many in the early 1950s that it is hard to believe that all of them are fakes.
Mr. Ettl and Mr. Juergen- Ratthofer maintain that these "Adamski saucers" are really the German-designed Haunebu type saucers.
Since they were flown after the war, certain questions as to their origin arise.
Skeptics
always say that if the Nazi saucers existed, and they were such a
secret and effective weapon, why weren’t they used to insure the victory
of the third Reich ?
The
simple truth lies in the fact that these machines, despite their
superior overall performance to conventional piston-engine aircraft and
early jets, could not be realistically adapted to any useful military
role other than the most basic transport and recon work.
The ships did fly, and there is plenty of evidence to support that the technology and science was not limited to just disc work.
There were other modifications being done to the Vril saucers.
There is also evidence to support that test flights were done over Europe and the United States.
Antigravity saucers remained in the research and development stage for some time.
The
war was a fast-moving event, and the scientists had a hard time keeping
up with it. However, they did have pilotless remote saucers that kept
the Allies busy ('foo-fighters' - see above).
And as many as 25 smaller aircraft accompanied it.
There were many people on the ground that were killed or wounded by unexploded anti–aircraft shells.
There actually was picture of the saucer that wound up in the Los Angeles Times.
It showed the aircraft being fired upon and searchlights were zeroing in on the intruders.
This event was later called the 'Battle of Los Angeles'.
At that time it was speculated that the German technology was perfected enough to attempt space travel.
While there is no proof of this it is quite possible that the Germans were capable of landing on the moon using their saucer technology..
In the light of such facts it has been suggested that the Germans may have landed or attempted to land on the Moon as early as probably 1942, utilizing their larger exo-atmospheric rocket saucers of the 'Miethe' and 'Schriever' type.
The 'Miethe' craft was built in diameters if 15 and 50 meters, and the 'Schriever' Walter turbine powered craft was designed as an interplanetary exploration vehicle. It had a diameter of 60 meters, had 10 stories of crew compartments, and stood 45 meters high.
And yet, the riddle remains that the surviving modern remnants of the Third Reich actually possess such vastly superior technology,
Why then would they not simply flex their muscle and conquer the world in one final swift stroke ?
Or did they realize such a victory might ultimately be a futile gesture ?
Suppose the Reich survivors learned from their Aldebaran mentors the secret the ancient Sumerians possessed - that, in a regular 3600 year cycle, the surface of planet Earth is devastated by the passing of a dwarf-star which is companion to our solar system.
And that this Dark Star was calculated once again to swing through the inner planets during the early years of the 21st Century.
Such a monumental event would grant the “Thousand Year Reich” a meager seventy year or so life span.
Thus might the Reich survivors not wisely choose to disappear from the surface world and develop hardened underground ’shelters’ in the remote wastes of Antarctica, patiently preparing to safely ride out the Dark Star’s passing?
Do we dare suppose that a contemporary generation of subterranean Reichskinder secretly continue to advance their limitless scientific wonders, content to allow the ignorant, expendable ’surface dwellers’ to choke in the poisoned atmosphere of their internal-combustion, junk-technology, automobiles, airplanes and industries?
Could it be that all the incredible levitating machines and free-energy technologies envisioned by the Thule and Vril Societies are being carefully held in reserve for the promised ‘New Age’; a future time when Earth has recovered from the agonies of its Dark Star’s encounter…?
________________________________________
German Eye Witnesses Report
This report first appeared in the 1998 Geheimtechnologien.Wunderwaffen Und Irdischen Facetten Des UFO-Phaenomens by Karl-Heinz Zunneck (3).
The subject of this interview was a German pilot who flew many missions in a JU-52, taking off and touching down in rough, presumably outlying airfields.
The Junkers JU-52 was an aircraft used by the Luftwaffe for many roles and could be described as a mainstay or a workhorse.
The sighting in question was reported by Horst Schuppmann whose friend knew the pilot of the JU-52 in question.
The date was July, 1944.
Accompanying the pilot on this three and one-half hour flight was a co-pilot, a mechanic,and the radio man.
The airplane took off from Brest-Deblin and flew on a westerly course to Lublin.
The flight was unfolding smoothly which was somewhat abnormal for the particular time and stage of the war.
Over Stettin Lagoon preparations were made to land.
A large white cross was sighted which was the marker for their goal, a meadow landing strip.
The aircraft descended, landed normally and rolled toward a group of bushes which would hide the aircraft from view.
Then things took a decided turn to the abnormal.
Harsh orders were received that the pilot, co-pilot and mechanic were not to exit the airplane. Suddenly, the radio man had vanished.
The others waited an hour in vain for his return.
Finally, the pilot decided to get out of the airplane and find his missing crewman,without orders, and on his own.
On the airfield itself nobody was to be seen.
There was only one building visible which was a lonely hanger.
The pilot, ever concerned with maintaining cover, headed straight for this hanger.
Upon arrival he opened an narrow, high sliding door and entered, hoping to receive some information.
No person was to be seen but what the pilot did see bewildered him so that the image was deeply ingrained in his mind.
There in the hanger stood three very large, round, dark dish shaped metal constructions on telescope-like leg stands.
The objects were about 6 meters off the ground and the objects themselves were 12 to 15 meters in diameter.
The pilot compared the shape of the objects to a giant soup dish or soup plate.
Suddenly, out of the half darkness a military guard emerged.
The guard let the pilot know that he was in an area which was strictly off limits.
This day had started as a routine flight connecting two outlying airfields. This pilot had no expectations of seeing something so unusual that he barley had context in which to place it.
Of course the question of what those objects in the hanger really were comes back to this pilot even after almost 55 years.
The pilot personally attributes it to the so called "Magnetscheibe", literally, "magnet-disk". According to the pilot rumors of these objects circulated in pilot circles since the summer of 1944.
Two things can definitely be said of this sighting.
First, it can be said is that this sighting seems to be of the smaller type of German field propulsion saucer as opposed to a larger version
Second, these saucers can definitely be ascribed to belonging to and in the possession of German military forces during the Second World War.
At no time in this report has the word "alien" or"extraterrestrial" ever been mentioned or even considered.
Beyond that it can be said that the pilot personally believed these to be of the "Magnetscheibe" type, that is to say not powered by chemical combustion.
There reasons to believe this is correct.
These saucers were found on a remote and rather primitive airfield.
They were in the only building present. This means that they did not need an extensive support system.
The chemically powered jet or rocket engines needed an extensive field support structure. They needed to be refueled after every flight.
The two liquid fuels used by the Me-163 rocket-fighter, for instance, ignited immediately when they came into contact with each other with explosive intensity.
The fuel tanks had to be washed out after each flight and separate ground crews were responsible for each type of liquid fuel.
It is noteworthy that no such support ground support structure or personnel was in evidence on this occasion.
All that was observed was a large structure filled with saucers and a guard.
The ground support necessary for launch of these craft must have been minimal and argues for the field propulsion hypothesis.
F.B.I. Reports On A German Field Propulsion Saucer F.B.I.
The time of the sighting was in 1944, the place was Gut Alt Golssen, approximately 30 miles east of Berlin.
The
informant states that while he was a prisoner of war working for the
Germans, a flying object arose nearby from behind an enclosure hidden
from view by a 50 foot high tarpaulin-type wall.
It rose about 500 feet then moved away horizontally.
The only noise the object made was a high-pitched whine.
The object was described as being 75 to 100 feet in diameter and 14feet high.
It
was composed of a dark gray stationary top and bottom sections five to
six feet high with a rapidly moving center section producing only a blur
and extending the circumference of the vehicle. Notably, the engine of
their farm tractor stalled during this event and the SS guards told the
driver not to attempt a restart until the whine could no longer be
heard.
The
F.B.I. operates within the USA and usually does not concern itself with
foreign matters unless they have meaning for the internal security of
the United States. Could the reason that this report was taken and
retained for so many years be that it did, in fact, have meaning for the
internal security of the United States? Did it have something to do
with the flying saucers seen over Texas at the time which also stopped
motor vehicles?
For
whatever reason, something in these reports resonated with the F.B.I.
The report was taken seriously, investigated and kept. This fact alone
speaks volumes for the existence of UFOs in general and German saucers
in particular.
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