Arctic rising as economic, security hot spot

Source: Japan Times
The icy Arctic is emerging as a global economic hot spot — and one that is becoming a security concern for the United States as world powers jockey to tap its vast energy resources and stake out unclaimed territories.
Diplomats from eight Arctic nations, including U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry, will meet this week over how to protect the thawing region as its waterways increasingly open to commercial shipping traffic.
U.S. officials estimate the Arctic holds 13 percent of the world’s undiscovered oil reserves and 30 percent of undiscovered gas deposits. Until recently, however, the resources that could reap hundreds of billions of dollars in revenues were frozen over and unreachable.
But global warming has melted sea ice to levels that have given rise to what experts describe as a kind of gold rush scramble to the Arctic.
On Friday, President Barack Obama announced a new U.S. strategy for the Arctic, calling the region “an amazing place” and maintaining a need among nations to protect its fragile environment and keep it free of conflict.
“An undisciplined approach to exploring new opportunities in this frontier could result in significant harm to the region, to our national security interests, and to the global good,” the 13-page strategy concluded.
The Arctic is warming faster than any part of the globe. Experts predict the region will be free of sea ice during the summer within about 20 years. Sea ice is important because it keeps the rest of the world cooler, and some scientific studies suggest that its melting may be indirectly connected to the extreme weather in the United States and elsewhere over the past few years.
The environmental changes could threaten not only polar bears, whales, seals and indigenous communities hunting those animals for food, but also islands and low-lying areas much farther away, from Florida to Bangladesh.
Yet the melting may be a boon for business.
New shipping routes could provide faster and cheaper passageways for worldwide exports and cargo hauling, including everything from food and electronics to cars and military equipment. And it could also bolster global tourism with cruises in the region’s around-the-clock summertime daylight.
But the biggest prize is the vast and untapped supply of oil, gas, minerals and precious metals that are believed to be buried in the Arctic. Already, there is a global race to get energy out of areas that in the past were locked up in ice and frozen ground.
In 2007, a Russian research ship placed a Russian flag on the bottom of the Arctic Ocean near the North Pole in a symbolic gesture.
And last year, China joined Russia, Denmark and Canada and the U.S. in the competition, sending its first icebreaker ship through the Arctic — even though China doesn’t abut Arctic territory.
Economic rivalries in the Arctic have made the area a burgeoning security priority. Arctic nations are eyeing sending additional military forces to the region to maintain stability on the seas and protect against maritime crime, according to a report last month by the Congressional Research Service.
Russia is planning to train and equip a brigade of military troops specifically for Arctic warfare, and Canada is revitalizing its Arctic fleet with $33 billion to build 28 ships over the next 30 years. Norway, Denmark and the U.S. are all expanding military command centers and operations within the Arctic.
The U.S. Navy is nearing the end of a five-year plan, set in 2009, to plot out what path it will take in the Arctic. That potentially will include policing waterways and interdicting pirates as it does in warmer waters, officials said, although it is still not clear how often that may be needed.
And the U.S. Coast Guard’s small Arctic ice-breaking fleet is getting a much-needed boost: One of its three ships is about to be relaunched after being docked for major repairs. Another ship is already fully operational and the third is out of service, officials said.
Next year, the U.S. Navy and coast guard will draw up plans to have an enduring presence in the Arctic and be able to run search and rescue operations there, navy chief Adm. Jonathan Greenert said in congressional testimony last month.
NATO Secretary General Anders Fogh Rasmussen said Wednesday that the body has no plans to increase its presence in the Arctic.
Norway, which shares a border with Russia, has made the far north its top priority and has in recent years tried to draw the attention of NATO and the European Union to the region.
“Norway has, like all other allies, a legitimate expectation that NATO’s collective defense should cover all of NATO’s territory, including of course the north of Norway,” Fogh Rasmussen said at a news conference with Prime Minister Jens Stoltenberg.
The military ramp-up is a piece of what experts say is an inevitable political competition that will grow in the Arctic as it opens. The region — and the economic and military forces flocking to it — is potentially the latest front to pit the U.S. and other Western powers against uneasy allies like China and Russia.
“This is going to now become a part of the bigger issue: What are the overall political and policy perspectives with respect to China, or Russia or the EU? Those decisions will not be made in a much larger framework than just oil and gas,” said expert Bob Corell, who advises the U.S. and foreign governments about Arctic issues and is a principal at the Global Environment and Technology foundation.
“It’s about how does the decision-making in the Arctic fit into larger relationship with, say, China, and that’s a new ballgame,” Corell said. “And it’s one that’s really come onto the front just in the last few years, largely because the melting is occurring much faster than we ever expected.”
Russia is readying a request to the United Nations for claiming territorial rights to a sprawling underwater ridge that extends to Canada. Experts say that has unnerved officials in Washington and Ottawa. If accepted, it would give Russia claim to almost half of the Arctic area. The U.S. is not a signatory to the U.N. treaty that charters such decisions and would therefore not have a vote in the matter.
Fourteen governments — including China, India, Japan, Singapore, South Korea and the European Union — now are seeking rights to attend meetings of the eight-nation Arctic Council as observers.
Emerging giants India and China have been bumping up against each other across the globe, and that rivalry is now extending to the Arctic.
“Neither China or India have any basis to claim to be Arctic nations, but because of the rush for minerals and resources there is a fear that we will be left behind if we don’t also stake our claims in these distant parts,” said Sreeram Chaulia, dean of Jindal’s School of International Affairs.
The council traditionally seeks to address issues and problems facing the Arctic, like climate change and the region’s indigenous people. It holds high-level meetings every two years, where it issues nonbinding declarations about its future goals and past work.
Eight nations — Canada, Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Russia, Sweden and the U.S. — are members of the council. Six European nations are considered permanent observers and are allowed to attend the meetings. The council will meet Wednesday in Kiruna, Sweden.
Sannamaaria Vanamo, the economic and Arctic affairs counselor at the Finnish Embassy in Washington, said Finland supports allowing new observers with “legitimate interests” to the Arctic Council, including the European Union. She would not comment on other possible observers, but said the inclusion of newcomers could bring additional resources and greater global cooperation to strengthen the Arctic Council.
Finland is updating its own national strategy to address Arctic issues.
“Environmental changes and the opening of shipping routes have global impacts, and that is why it is important to develop cooperation within the structure, but also with non-Arctic states and actors,” Vanamo said Friday. “In a way, the Arctic Council is at a crossroads, and we hope it will become a stronger player.”