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by
John Judge
1985
1985
The ultimate victims of mind
control at Jonestown are the American people. If we fail to look beyond the constructed
images given us by the television and the press, then our consciousness is
manipulated, just as well as the Jonestown victims' was. Facing nuclear
annihilation, may see the current militarism of the Reagan policies, and
military training itself, as the real "mass suicide cult." If the
discrepancy between the truth of Jonestown and the official version can be so
great, what other lies have we been told about major events?
History is precious. In a
democracy, knowledge must be accessible for informed consent to function.
Hiding or distorting history behind "national security" leaves the
public as the final enemy of the government. Democratic process cannot
operate on "need to know." Otherwise we live in the 1984 envisioned
by Orwell's projections and we must heed his warning that those who control
the past control the future.
The real tragedy of Jonestown is
not only that it occurred, but that so few chose to ask themselves why or
how, so few sought to find out the facts behind the bizarre tale used to
explain away the death of more than 900 people, and that so many will
continue to be blind to the grim reality of our intelligence agencies. In the
long run, the truth will come out. Only our complicity in the deception
continues to dishonor the dead.
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Somewhere in the concrete canyons of
New York City a recently formed rock group is using the name Jim Jones and the
Suicides. Irreverent and disarming, the name reflects the new trend in punk
rock, to take social issues head on. Cynicism about the Jonestown deaths and
its social parallels abound in the lyrics of today's music. The messages are
clear because we all know the story.
In fact, people today recognize the
name "Jonestown" more than any other event, a full 98% of the
population.[1]
The television and printed media were filled with the news for more than a
year, even though the tale read like something from the National Enquirer
tabloid. But despite all the coverage, the reality of Jonestown and the reasons
behind the bizarre events remain a mystery. The details have faded from memory
for most of us since November 18, 1978, but not the outlines. Think back a
moment and you'll remember.
You Know the Official Version
You Know the Official Version
A fanatic religious leader in
California led a multiracial community into the jungles of remote Guyana to
establish a socialist utopia. The People's Temple, his church, was in the heart
of San Francisco and drew poor people, social activists, Blacks and Hispanics,
young and old. The message was racial harmony and justice, and criticism of the
hypocrisy of the world around his followers.[2]
The Temple rose in a vacuum of
leadership at the end of an era. The political confrontations of the 60s were
almost over, and religious cults and "personal transformation" were
on the rise. Those who had preached a similar message on the political soap box
were gone, burnt out, discredited, or dead. The counter-culture had apparently
degenerated into drugs and violence. Charlie Manson was the only visible image
of the period. Suddenly, religion seemed to offer a last hope.[3]
Even before they left for the
Jonestown site, the People's Temple members were subjects of local scandal in
the news.[4]
Jim Jones claimed these exposés were attacks on their newly-found religion, and
used them as an excuse to move most of the members to Guyana.[5]
But disturbing reports continued to surround Jones, and soon came to the
attention of congressional members like Leo Ryan. Stories of beatings,
kidnapping, sexual abuse and mysterious deaths leaked out in the press.[6]
Ryan decided to go to Guyana and investigate the situation for himself. The
nightmare began.[7]
Isolated on the tiny airstrip at
Port Kaituma, Ryan and several reporters in his group were murdered. Then came
the almost unbelievable "White Night," a mass suicide pact of the
Jonestown camp. A community made up mostly of Blacks and women drank cyanide from
paper cups of Kool-Aid, adults and children alike died and fell around
the main pavilion. Jones himself was shot in the head, an apparent suicide. For
days, the body count mounted, from 400 to nearly 1,000. The bodies were flown
to the United States and later cremated or buried in mass graves.[8]
Temple member Larry Layton is still
facing charges of conspiracy in Ryan's murder. Ryan was recently awarded a
posthumous Medal of Honor, and was the first Congress member to die in the line
of duty.[9]
Pete Hammill called the corpses
"all the loose change of the sixties."[10]
The effect was electric. Any alternative to the current system was seen as
futile, if not deadly. Protest only led to police riots and political
assassination. Alternative life styles and drugs led to
"creepy-crawly" communes and violent murders.[11]
And religious experiments led to cults and suicide. Social utopias were dreams
that turned into nightmares. The television urged us to go back to "The
Happy Days" of the apolitical 50s. The message was, get a job, and go back
to church.[12]
The unyielding nuclear threat generated only nihilism and hopelessness. There
was no answer but death, no exit from the grisly future. The new ethic was
personal success, aerobics, material consumption, a return to "American
values," and the "moral majority" white Christian world. The official
message was clear.
But Just Suppose It
Didn't Happen That Way...
But Just Suppose It
Didn't Happen That Way...
The headlines the day of the
massacre read: "Cult Dies in South American Jungle: 400 Die in Mass
Suicide, 700 Flee into Jungle."[13]
By all accounts in the press, as well as People's Temple statements there were
at least 1,100 people at Jonestown.[14]
There were 809 adult passports found there, and reports of 300 children (276
found among the dead, and 210 never identified). The headline figures from the
first day add to the same number: 1,100.[15]
The original body count done by the Guyanese was 408, and this figure was
initially agreed to by U.S. Army authorities on site.[16]
However, over the next few days, the total of reported dead began to rise
quickly. The Army made a series of misleading and openly false statements about
the discrepancy. The new total, which was the official final count, was given
almost a week later by American authorities as 913.[17]
A total of 16 survivors were reported to have returned to the U.S.[18]
Where were the others?
At their first press conference, the
Americans claimed that the Guyanese "could not count." These local
people had carried out the gruesome job of counting the bodies, and later
assisted American troops in the process of poking holes in the flesh lest they
explode from the gasses of decay.[19]
Then the Americans proposed another theory -- they had missed seeing a pile of
bodies at the back of the pavilion. The structure was the size of a small
house, and they had been at the scene for days. Finally, we were given the
official reason for the discrepancy -- bodies had fallen on top of other bodies,
adults covering children.[20]
It was a simple, if morbid,
arithmetic that led to the first suspicions. The 408 bodies discovered at first
count would have to be able to cover 505 bodies for a total of 913. In
addition, those who first worked on the bodies would have been unlikely to miss
bodies lying beneath each other since each body had to be punctured. Eighty-two
of the bodies first found were those of children, reducing the number that
could have been hidden below others.[21]
A search of nearly 150 photographs, aerial and close-up, fails to show even one
body lying under another, much less 500.[22]
It seemed the first reports were
true, 400 had died, and 700 had fled to the jungle. The American authorities
claimed to have searched for people who had escaped, but found no evidence of
any in the surrounding area.[23]
At least a hundred Guyanese troops were among the first to arrive, and they
were ordered to search the jungle for survivors.[24]
In the area, at the same time, British Black Watch troops were on
"training exercises," with nearly 600 of their best-trained
commandos. Soon, American Green Berets were on site as well.[25]
The presence of these soldiers, specially trained in covert killing operations,
may explain the increasing numbers of bodies that appeared.
Most of the photographs show the
bodies in neat rows, face down. There are few exceptions. Close shots indicate
drag marks, as though the bodies were positioned by someone after death.[26]
Is it possible that the 700 who fled were rounded up by these troops, brought
back to Jonestown and added to the body count?[27]
If so, the bodies would indicate the
cause of death. A new word was coined by the media, "suicide-murder."
But which was it?[28]
Autopsies and forensic science are a developing art. The detectives of death
use a variety of scientific methods and clues to determine how people die, when
they expire, and the specific cause of death. Dr. Mootoo, the top Guyanese
pathologist, was at Jonestown within hours after the massacre. Refusing the
assistance of U.S. pathologists, he accompanied the teams that counted the
dead, examined the bodies, and worked to identify the deceased. While the
American press screamed about the "Kool-Aid Suicides," Dr. Mootoo was
reaching a much different opinion.[29]
There are certain signs that show
the types of poisons that lead to the end of life. Cyanide blocks the messages
from the brain to the muscles by changing body chemistry in the central nervous
system. Even the "involuntary" functions like breathing and heartbeat
get mixed neural signals. It is a painful death, breath coming in spurts. The
other muscles spasm, limbs twist and contort. The facial muscles draw back into
a deadly grin, called "cyanide rictus."[30]
All these telling signs were absent in the Jonestown dead. Limbs were limp and
relaxed, and the few visible faces showed no sign of distortion.[31]
Instead, Dr. Mootoo found fresh
needle marks at the back of the left shoulder blades of 80-90% of the victims.[32]
Others had been shot or strangled. One survivor reported that those who
resisted were forced by armed guards.[33]
The gun that reportedly shot Jim Jones was lying nearly 200 feet from his body,
not a likely suicide weapon.[34]
As Chief Medical Examiner, Mootoo's testimony to the Guyanese grand jury
investigating Jonestown led to their conclusion that all but three of the
people were murdered by "persons unknown." Only two had committed
suicide they said.[35]
Several pictures show the gun-shot wounds on the bodies as well.[36]
The U.S. Army spokesman, Lt. Col. Schuler, said, "No autopsies are needed.
The cause of death is not an issue here." The forensic doctors who later
did autopsies at Dover, Delaware, were never made aware of Dr. Mootoo's
findings.[37]
There are other indications that the
Guyanese government participated with American authorities in a cover-up of the
real story, despite their own findings. One good example was Guyanese Police
Chief Lloyd Barker, who interfered with investigations, helped
"recover" 2.5 million for the Guyanese government, and was often the
first to officially announce the cover stories relating to suicide, body counts
and survivors.[38]
Among the first to the scene were the wife of Guyanese Prime Minister Forbes
Burnham and his Deputy Prime Minister, Ptolemy Reid. They returned from the
massacre site with nearly $1 million in cash, gold and jewelry taken from the
buildings and from the dead. Inexplicably, one of Burnham's political party
secretaries had visited the site of the massacre only hours before it occurred.[39]
When Shirley Field Ridley, Guyanese Minister of Information, announced the
change in the body count to the shocked Guyanese parliament, she refused to
answer further questions. Other representatives began to point a finger of
shame at Ridley and the Burnham government, and the local press dubbed the
scandal "Templegate." All accused them of taking a ghoulish payoff.[40]
Perhaps more significantly, the Americans
brought in 16 huge C-131 cargo planes, but claimed they could only carry 36
caskets in each one. These aircraft can carry tanks, trucks, troops and
ammunition all in one load.[41]
At the scene, bodies were stripped of identification, including the medical
wrist tags visible in many early photos.[42]
Dust-off operations during Vietnam clearly demonstrated that the military is
capable of moving hundreds of bodies in a short period.[43]
Instead, they took nearly a week to bring back the Jonestown dead, bringing in
the majority at the end of the period.[44]
The corpses, rotting in the heat, made autopsy impossible.[45]
At one point, the remains of 183 people arrived in 82 caskets. Although the
Guyanese had identified 174 bodies at the site, only 17 (later 46) were
tentatively identified at the massive military mortuary in Dover, Delaware.[46]
Isolated there, hundreds of miles
from their families who might have visited the bodies at a similar mortuary in
Oakland that was used during Vietnam, many of the dead were eventually
cremated.[47]
Press was excluded, and even family members had difficulty getting access to
the remains.[48]
Officials in New Jersey began to complain that state coroners were excluded,
and that the military coroners appointed were illegally performing cremations.[49]
One of the top forensic body identification experts, who later was brought in
to work on the Iranian raid casualties, was denied repeated requests to assist.[50]
In December, the President of the National Association of Medical Examiners
complained in an open letter to the U.S. military that they "badly
botched" procedures, and that a simple fluid autopsy was never performed
at the point of discovery. Decomposition, embalming and cremation made further
forensic work impossible.[51]
The unorthodox method of identification attempted, to remove the skin from the
finger tip and slip it over a gloved finger, would not have stood up in court.[52]
The long delay made it impossible to
reconstruct the event. As noted, these military doctors were unaware of Dr.
Mootoo's conclusions. Several civilian pathology experts said they
"shuddered at the ineptness" of the military, and that their autopsy
method was "doing it backwards." But in official statements, the U.S.
attempted to discredit the Guyanese grand jury findings, saying they had
uncovered "few facts."[53]
Guyanese troops, and police who had
arrived with American Embassy official Richard Dwyer, also failed to defend
Congressman Leo Ryan and others who came to Guyana with him when they were shot
down in cold blood at the Port Kaituma airstrip, even though the troops were
nearby with machine guns at the ready.[54]
Although Temple member Larry Layton has been charged with the murders of
Congressman Ryan, Temple defector Patricia Parks, and press reporters Greg
Robinson, Don Harris and Bob Brown, he was not in a position to shoot them.[55]
Blocked from boarding Ryan's twin engine Otter, he had entered another plane
nearby. Once inside, he pulled out a gun and wounded two Temple followers,
before being disarmed.[56]
The others were clearly killed by armed men who descended from a tractor
trailer at the scene, after opening fire. Witnesses described them as
"zombies," walking mechanically, without emotion, and "looking
through you, not at you" as they murdered.[57]
Only certain people were killed, and the selection was clearly planned. Certain
wounded people, like Ryan's aide Jackie Speiers, were not harmed further, but
the killers made sure that Ryan and the newsmen were dead. In some cases they
shot people, already wounded, directly in the head.[58]
These gunmen were never finally identified, and may have been under Layton's
command. They may not have been among the Jonestown dead.[59]
At the Jonestown site, survivors
described a special group of Jones' followers who were allowed to carry weapons
and money, and to come and go from the camp. These people were all white,
mostly males.[60]
They ate better and worked less than the others, and they served as an armed
guard to enforce discipline, control labor and restrict movement.[61]
Among them were Jones' top lieutenants, including George Phillip Blakey. Blakey
and others regularly visited Georgetown, Guyana and made trips in their
sea-going boat, the Cudjoe. He was privileged to be aboard the boat when
the murders occurred.[62]
This special armed guard survived the massacre. Many were trained and
programmed killers, like the "zombies" who attacked Ryan. Some were
used as mercenaries in Africa, and elsewhere.[63]
The dead were 90% women, and 80% Blacks.[64]
It is unlikely that men armed with guns and modern crossbows would give up
control and willingly be injected with poisons. It is much more likely that
they forced nearly 400 people to die by injection, and then assisted in the
murder of 500 more who attempted to escape. One survivor clearly heard people
cheering 45 minutes after the massacre. Despite government claims, they are not
accounted for, nor is their location known.[65]
Back in California, People's Temple
members openly admitted that they feared they were targeted by a "hit
squad," and the Temple was surrounded for some time by local police
forces.[66]
During that period, two members of the elite guard from Jonestown returned and
were allowed into the Temple by police.[67]
The survivors who rode to Port Kaituma with Leo Ryan complained when Larry
Layton boarded the truck, "He's not one of us."[68]
Rumors also persisted that a "death list" of U.S. officials existed,
and some survivors verified in testimony to the San Francisco grand jury.[69]
A congressional aide was quoted in the AP wires on May 19, 1979, "There
are 120 white, brainwashed assassins out from Jonestown awaiting the trigger
word to pick up their hit."[70]
Other survivors included Mark Lane
and Charles Garry, lawyers for People's Temple who managed to escape the
massacre somehow.[71]
In addition to the 16 who officially returned with the Ryan party, others
managed to reach Georgetown and come back home.[72]
However, there have been continuing suspicious murders of those people here.
Jeannie and Al Mills, who intended to write a book about Jones, were murdered
at home, bound and shot.[73]
Some evidence indicates a connection between the Jonestown operation and the
murders of Mayor Moscone and Harvey Milk by police agent Dan White.[74]
Another Jonestown survivor was shot near his home in Detroit by unidentified
killers.[75]
Yet another was involved in a mass murder of school children in Los Angeles.[76]
Anyone who survived such massive slaughter must be somewhat suspect. The fact
that the press never even spoke about nearly 200 survivors raises serious
doubts.
Who Was Jim Jones?
Who Was Jim Jones?
In order to understand the strange
events surrounding Jonestown, we must begin with a history of the people
involved. The official story of a religious fanatic and his idealist followers
doesn't make sense in light of the evidence of murders, armed killers and
autopsy cover-ups. If it happened the way we were told, there should be no
reason to try to hide the facts from the public, and full investigation into
the deaths at Jonestown, and the murder of Leo Ryan would have been welcomed.
What did happen is something else again.
Jim Jones grew up in Lynn, in
southern Indiana. His father was an active member of the local Ku Klux Klan
that infest that area.[77]
His friends found him a little strange, and he was interested in preaching the
Bible and religious rituals.[78]
Perhaps more important was his boyhood friendship with Dan Mitrione, confirmed
by local residents.[79]
In the early 50s, Jones set out to be a religious minister, and was ordained at
one point by a Christian denomination in Indianapolis.[80]
It was during this period that he met and married his lifelong mate, Marceline.[81]
He also had a small business selling monkeys, purchased from the research
department at Indiana State University in Bloomington.[82]
A Bible-thumper and faith healer,
Jones put on revivalist tent shows in the area, and worked close to Richmond,
Indiana. Mitrione, his friend, worked as chief of police there, and kept him
from being arrested or run out of town.[83]
According to those close to him, he used wet chicken livers as evidence of
"cancers" he was removing by "divine powers."[84]
His landlady called him "a gangster who used a Bible instead of a
gun."[85]
His church followers included Charles Beikman, a Green Beret who was to stay
with him to the end.[86]
Beikman was later charged with the murders of several Temple members in
Georgetown, following the massacre.[87]
Dan Mitrione, Jones' friend, moved
on to the CIA-financed
International Police Academy, where police were trained in counter-insurgency
and torture techniques from around the world.[88]
Jones, a poor, itinerant preacher, suddenly had money in 1961 for a trip to
"minister" in Brazil, and he took his family with him.[89]
By this time, he had "adopted" Beikman, and eight children, both
Black and white.[90]
His neighbors in Brazil distrusted him. He told them he worked with U.S. Navy
Intelligence. His transportation and groceries were being provided by the U.S.
Embassy as was the large house he lived in.[91]
His son, Stephan, commented that he made regular trips to Belo Horizonte, site
of the CIA
headquarters in Brazil.[92]
An American police advisor, working closely with the CIA at that point, Dan Mitrione was
there as well.[93]
Mitrione had risen in the ranks quickly, and was busy training foreign police
in torture and assassination methods. He was later kidnapped by Tupermaro
guerillas in Uruguay, interrogated and murdered.[94]
Costa Gravas made a film about his death titled State of Siege.[95]
Jones returned to the United States in 1963, with $10,000 in his pocket.[96]
Recent articles indicate that Catholic clergy are complaining about CIA funding of other denominations for
"ministry" in Brazil; perhaps Jones was an early example.[97]
With his new wealth, Jones was able
to travel to California and establish the first People's Temple in Ukiah,
California, in 1965. Guarded by dogs, electric fences and guard towers, he set
up Happy Havens Rest Home.[98]
Despite a lack of trained personnel, or proper licensing, Jones drew in many
people at the camp. He had elderly, prisoners, people from psychiatric
institutions, and 150 foster children, often transferred to care at Happy
Havens by court orders.[99]
He was contacted there by Christian missionaries from World Vision, an
international evangelical order that had done espionage work for the CIA in Southeast Asia.[100]
He met "influential" members of the community and was befriended by
Walter Heady, the head of the local chapter of the John Birch Society.[101]
He used the members of his "church" to organize local voting drives
for Richard Nixon's election, and worked closely with the republican party.[102]
He was even appointed chairman of the county grand jury.[103]
"The Messiah from Ukiah,"
as he was known then, met and recruited Timothy Stoen, a Stanford graduate and
member of the city DA's office, and his wife Grace.[104]
During this time, the Layton family, Terri Buford and George Phillip Blakey and
other important members joined the Temple.[105]
The camp "doctor," Larry Schacht, claims Jones got him off drugs and
into medical school during this period.[106]
These were not just street urchins. Buford's father was a Commander for the
fleet at the Philadelphia Navy Base for years.[107]
The Laytons were a well-heeled, aristocratic family. Dr. Layton donated at
least a quarter-million dollars to Jones. His wife son and daughter were all
members of the Temple.[108]
George Blakey, who married Debbie Layton, was from a wealthy British family. He
donated $60,000 to pay the lease on the 27,000-acre Guyana site in 1974.[109]
Lisa Philips Layton had come to the U.S. from a rich Hamburg banking family in
Germany.[110]
Most of the top lieutenants around Jones were from wealthy, educated
backgrounds, many with connections to the military or intelligence agencies.
These were the people who would set up the bank accounts, complex legal actions,
and financial records that put people under the Temple's control.[111]
Stoen was able to set up important
contacts for Jones as Assistant DA in San Francisco.[112]
Jones changed his image to that of a liberal.[113]
He had spent time studying the preaching methods of Fr. Divine in Philadelphia,
and attempted to use them in a manipulative way on the streets of San
Francisco. Fr. Divine ran a religious and charitable operation among
Philadelphia's poor Black community.[114]
Jones was able to use his followers in an election once again, this time for
Mayor Moscone. Moscone responded in 1976, putting Jones in charge of the city
Housing Commission.[115]
In addition, many of his key followers got jobs with the city Welfare
Department and much of the recruitment to the Temple in San Francisco came from
the ranks of these unemployed and dispossessed people.[116]
Jones was introduced to many influential liberal and radical people there, and
entertained or greeted people ranging from Roslyn Carter to Angela Davis.[117]
The period when Jones began the
Temple there marked the end of an important political decade. Nixon's election
had ushered in a domestic intelligence dead set against the movements for
peace, civil rights and social justice. Names like COINTELPRO, CHAOS,
and OPERATION GARDEN PLOT, or the HOUSTON PLAN made the news following in the wake of Watergate
revelations.[118]
Senator Ervin called the White House plans against dissent
"fascistic."[119]
These operations involved the highest levels of military and civilian
intelligence and all levels of police agencies in a full-scale attempt to
discredit, disrupt and destroy the movements that sprang up in the 1960s. There
are indications that these plans, or the mood they created, led to the
assassinations of Martin Luther King and Malcolm X, as unacceptable "Black
Messiahs."[120]
One of the architects under
then-Governor Reagan in California was now-Attorney General Edwin Meese. He
coordinated "Operation Garden Plot" for military intelligence and all
police operations and intelligence in a period that was plagued with violations
of civil and constitutional rights.[121]
Perhaps you recall the police attacks on People's Park, the murder of many
Black Panthers and activists, the infiltration of the Free Speech Movement and
antiwar activity, and the experimentation on prisoners at Vacaville, or the
shooting of George Jackson.[122]
Meese later bragged that this activity had damaged or destroyed the people he
called "revolutionaries."[123]
It was into this situation Jones came to usurp leadership.[124]
After his arrival in Ukiah, his
methods were visible to those who took the time to investigate.[125]
His armed guards wore black uniforms and leather jackboots. His approach was
one of deception, and if that wore off, then manipulation and threats. Loyalty
to his church included signing blank sheets of paper, later filled in with
"confessions' and used for blackmail purposes, or to extort funds.[126]
Yet the vast membership he was extorting often owned little, and he tried to
milk them for everything, from personal funds to land deeds.[127]
Illegal activities were regularly reported during this period, but either not
investigated or unresolved. He clearly had the cooperation of local police.
Years later, evidence would come out of charges of sexual solicitation,
mysteriously dropped.[128]
Those who sought to leave were
prevented and rebuked. Local journalist Kathy Hunter wrote in the Ukiah press
about "Seven Mysterious Deaths" of the Temple members who had argued
with Jones and attempted to leave. One of these was Maxine Swaney.[129]
Jones openly hinted to other members that he had arranged for them to die,
threatening a similar fate to others who would be disloyal.[130]
Kathy Hunter later tried to visit Jonestown, only to be forcibly drugged by
Temple guards, and deported to Georgetown.[131]
She later charged that Mark Lane approached her, falsely identifying himself as
a reporter for Esquire, rather than as an attorney for Jim Jones. He led
her to believe he was seeking information on Jones for an exposé in the
magazine, and asked to see her evidence.
The pattern was to continue in San
Francisco. In addition, Jones required that members practice for the mysterious
"White Night," a mass suicide ritual that would protect them from
murder at the hands of their enemies.[132]
Although the new Temple had no guards or fences to restrict members, few had
other places to live, and many had given over all they owned to Jones. They
felt trapped inside this community that preached love, but practiced hatred.[133]
Following press exposure, and a
critical article in New West magazine, Jones became very agitated, and
the number of suicide drills increased.[134]
Complaints about mistreatment by current and ex-members began to appear in the
media and reach the ears of congressional representatives. Sam Houston, an old
friend of Leo Ryan, came to him with questions about the untimely death of his
son following his departure from the Temple.[135]
Later, Timothy and Grace Stoen would complain to Ryan about custody of their young
son, who was living with Jones, and urge him to visit the commune.[136]
Against advice of friends and staff members, Ryan decided to take a team of
journalists to Guyana and seek the truth of the situation.[137]
Some feel that Ryan's journey there was planned and expected, and used as a
convenient excuse to set up his murder. Others feel that this unexpected
violation of secrecy around Jonestown set off the spark that led to the mass
murder. In either case, it marked the beginning of the end for Ryan and Jones.[138]
At one point, to show his powers,
Jones arranged to be shot in the heart in front of the congregation. Dragged to
a back room, apparently wounded and bleeding, he returned a moment later alive
and well. While this may have been more of his stage antics to prompt
believers' faith it may also have marked the end of Jim Jones.[139]
For undisclosed reasons, Jones had and used "doubles."[140]
This is very unusual for a religious leader, but quite common in intelligence
operations.[141]
Even the death and identification of
Jim Jones were peculiar. He was apparently shot by another person at the camp.[142]
Photos of his body do not show identifying tattoos on his chest. The body and
face are not clearly recognizable due to bloating and discoloration.[143]
The FBI
reportedly checked his fingerprints twice, a seemingly futile gesture since it
is a precise operation. A more logical route would have been to check dental
records.[144]
Several researchers familiar with the case feel that the body may not have been
Jones. Even if the person at the site was one of the "doubles," it
does not mean Jones is still alive. He may have been killed at an earlier
point.
What Was Jonestown?
What Was Jonestown?
According to one story, Jones was seeking
a place on earth that would survive the effects of nuclear war, relying only on
an article in Esquire magazine for his list.[145]
The real reason for his locations in Brazil, California, Guyana and elsewhere
deserve more scrutiny.[146]
At one point Jones wanted to set up in Grenada, and he invited then-Prime
Minister Sir Eric Gairy to visit the Temple in San Francisco.[147]
He invested $200,000 in the Grenada National Bank in 1977 to pave the way, and
some $76,000 was still there after the massacre.[148]
His final choice, the Matthew's
Ridge section in Guyana is an interesting one. It was originally the site of a
Union Carbide bauxite and manganese mine, and Jones used the dock they left
behind.[149]
At an earlier point, it had been one of seven possible sites chosen for the
relocation of the Jews after World War II.[150]
Plans to inhabit the jungles of Guyana's interior with cheap labor date back to
1919.[151]
Resources buried there are among the richest in the world, and include
manganese, diamonds, gold, bauxite and uranium.[152]
Forbes Burnham, the Prime Minister, had participated in a scheme to repatriate
Blacks from the UK to work in the area. Like all earlier attempts, it failed.[153]
Once chosen, the site was leased and
worked on by a select crew of Temple members in preparation for the arrival of
the body of the church. The work was done in cooperation with Burnham and the
U.S. Embassy there.[154]
But if these were idealists seeking a better life, their arrival in
"Utopia" was a strange welcome. Piled into busses in San Francisco,
they had driven to Florida. From there, Pan American charter planes delivered
them to Guyana.[155]
When they arrived at the airport, the Blacks were taken off the plane, bound
and gagged.[156]
The deception had finally been stripped bare of all pretense. The Blacks were
so isolated and controlled that neighbors as close as five miles from the site
did not know that Blacks lived at Jonestown. The only public representatives
seen in Guyana were white.[157]
Guyanese children were "bought" also.[158]
According to survivors' reports,
they entered a virtual slave labor camp. Worked for 16 to 18 hours daily, they
were forced to live in cramped quarters on minimum rations, usually rice, bread
and sometimes rancid meat. Kept on a schedule of physical and mental exhaustion,
they were also forced to stay awake at night and listen to lectures by Jones.
Threats and abuse became more common.[159]
The camp medical staff under Dr. Lawrence Schacht was known to perform painful
suturing without anaesthetic. They administered drugs, and kept daily medical
records.[160]
Infractions of the rules or disloyalty led to increasingly harsh punishments,
including forced drugging, sensory isolation in an underground box, physical
torture and public sexual rape and humiliation. Beatings and verbal abuse were
commonplace. Only the special guards were treated humanely and fed decently.[161]
People with serious injuries were flown out, but few ever returned.[162]
Perhaps the motto at Jonestown should have been the same as the one at
Auschwitz, developed by Larry Schacht's namesake, Dr. Hjalmar Schacht, the Nazi
Minister of Economics, "Arheit Macht Frei," or "Work Will Make
You Free." Guyana even considered setting up an "Auschwitz-like
museum" at the site, but abandoned the idea.[163]
By this point, Jones had amassed
incredible wealth. Press estimates ranged from $26 million to $2 billion,
including bank accounts, foreign investments and real estate. Accounts were set
up worldwide by key members, often in the personal name of certain people in
the Temple.[164]
Much of this money, listed publicly after the massacre, disappeared
mysteriously. It was a fortune far too large to have come from membership alone.
The receivership set up by the government settled on a total of $10 million. Of
special interest were the Swiss bank accounts opened in Panama, the money taken
from the camp, and the extensive investments in Barclay's Bank.[165]
Other sources of income included the German banking family of Lisa Philips
Layton, Larry's mother.[166]
Also, close to $65,000 a month income was claimed to come from welfare and
social security checks for 199 members, sent to the Temple followers and signed
over to Jones.[167]
In addition, there are indications that Blakey and other members were
supplementing the Temple funds with international smuggling of guns and drugs.[168]
At one point, Charles Garry noted that Jones and his community were
"literally sitting on a gold mine." Mineral distribution maps of
Guyana suggest he was right.[169]
To comprehend this well-financed,
sinister operation, we must abandon the myth that this was a religious commune
and study instead the history that led to its formation. Jonestown was an
experiment, part of a 30-year program called MK-ULTRA, the CIA
and military intelligence code name for mind control.[170]
A close study of Senator Ervin's 1974 report, Individual Rights and the
Government's Role in Behavior Modification, shows that these agencies had
certain "target populations" in mind, for both individual and mass
control. Blacks, women, prisoners, the elderly, the young, and inmates of
psychiatric wards were selected as "potentially violent."[171]
There were plans in California at the time for a Center for the Study and
Reduction of Violence, expanding on the horrific work of Dr. José Delgado, Drs.
Mark and Ervin, and Dr. Jolly West, experts in implantation, psychosurgery, and
tranquilizers. The guinea pigs were to be drawn from the ranks of the
"target populations," and taken to an isolated military missile base
in California.[172]
In that same period, Jones began to move his Temple members to Jonestown. The
were the exact population selected for such tests.[173]
The meticulous daily notes and drug
records kept by Larry Schacht disappeared, but evidence did not.[174]
The history of MK-ULTRA and its sister programs (MK-DELTA, ARTICHOKE, BLUEBIRD, etc.) records a combination of drugs, drug mixtures,
electroshock and torture as methods for control. The desired results ranged
from temporary and permanent amnesia, uninhibited confessions, and creation of
second personalities, to programmed assassins and preconditioned suicidal
urges. One goal was the ability to control mass populations, especially for
cheap labor.[175]
Dr. Delgado told Congress that he hoped for a future where a technology would
control workers in the field and troops at war with electronic remote signals.
He found it hard to understand why people would complain about electrodes
implanted in their brains to make them "both happy and productive."[176]
On the scene at Jonestown, Guyanese
troops discovered a large cache of drugs, enough to drug the entire population
of Georgetown, Guyana (well over 200,000)[177]
for more than a year. According to survivors, these were being used regularly
"to control" a population of only 1,100 people.[178]
One footlocker contained 11,000 doses of thorazine, a dangerous tranquilizer.
Drugs used in the testing for MK-ULTRA were found in abundance, including
sodium pentathol (a truth serum), chloral hydrate (a hypnotic), demerol,
thalium (confuses thinking), and many others.[179]
Schacht had supplies of haliopareael and largatil as well, two other major
tranquilizers.[180]
The actual description of life at Jonestown is that of a tightly run
concentration camp, complete with medical and psychiatric experimentation. The
stresses and isolation of the victims is typical of sophisticated brainwashing
techniques. The drugs and special tortures add an additional experimental
aspect to the horror.[181]
This more clearly explains the medical tags on the bodies, and why they had to
be removed. It also suggests an additional motive for frustrating any chemical
autopsies, since these drugs would have been found in the system of the dead.
The story of Jonestown is that of a
gruesome experiment, not a religious utopian society. On the eve of the
massacre, Forbes Burnham was reportedly converted to "born again"
Christianity by members of the Full Gospel Christian Businessman's Association,
including Lionel Luckhoo, a Temple lawyer in Guyana.[182]
This same group, based in California, also reportedly converted Guatemalan
dictator Rios Montt prior to his massacres there and they were in touch with
Jim Jones in Ukiah.[183]
They currently conduct the White House prayer breakfasts for Mr. Reagan.[184]
With Ryan on his way to Jonestown, the seal of secrecy was broken. In a
desperate attempt to test their conditioning methods, the Jonestown elite
apparently tried to implement a real suicide drill.[185]
Clearly, it led to a revolt, and the majority of people fled, unaware that
there were people waiting to catch them.
One Too Many Jonestowns
One Too Many Jonestowns
Author Don Freed, an associate of
Mark Lane, said that Martin Luther King, "if he could see Johnstown would
recognize it as the next step in his agenda, and he would say, one, two, three,
many more Jonestowns."[186]
Strangely enough, almost every map of Guyana in the major press located
Jonestown at a different place following the killings. One map even shows a
second site in the area called "Johnstown."[187]
Perhaps there were multiple camps and Leo Ryan was only shown the one they
hoped he would see. In any case, the Jonestown model survives, and similar
camps, and their sinister designs, show up in many places.
Inside Guyana itself, approximately
25 miles to the south of Matthews Ridge, is a community called Hilltown, named
after religious leader Rabbi Hill. Hill has used the names Abraham Israel and
Rabbi Emmanuel Washington. Hilltown, set up about the same time as Jonestown,
followed the departure of David Hill, who was known in Cleveland, a fugitive of
the U.S. courts. Hill rules with an "iron fist" over some 8,000 Black
people from Guyana and America who believe they are the Lost Tribe of Israel
and the real Hebrews of Biblical prophecy.[188]
Used as strong-arm troops, and "internal mercenaries" to insure
Burnham's election, as were Jonestown members, the Hilltown people were allowed
to clear the Jonestown site of shoes and unused weapons, both in short supply
in Guyana.[189]
Hill says his followers would gladly kill themselves at his command, but he
would survive since, unlike Jones, he is "in control."[190]
Similar camps were reported at the
time in the Philippines. Perhaps the best known example is the fascist torture
camp in Chile known as Colonia Dignidad. Also a religious cult built around a
single individual, this one came from Germany to Chile in 1961. In both cases,
the camp was their "Agricultural Experiment." Sealed and protected by
the dreaded Chilean DINA police, Colonia Dignidad serves as a torture chamber
for political dissidents. To the Jonestown monstrosities, they have added dogs
specially trained to attack human genitals.[191]
The operations there have included the heavy hand of decapitation specialist
Michael Townley Welch, an American CIA agent, as well as reported visits by Nazi war criminals Dr.
Josef Mengele and Martin Bormann. Currently, another such campsite exists at
Pisagua, Chile.[192]
Temple member Jeannie Mills, now dead, reported having seen actual films of a
Chilean torture camp while at Jonestown. The only source possible at the time
was the Chilean fascists themselves.[193]
In the current period, Jonestown is
being "repopulated" with 100,000 Laotian Hmong people. Many of them
grew opium for CIA
money in Southeast Asia. Over 1,000 reside there already under a scheme
designed by Billy Graham's nephew Ernest, and members of the Federation of
Evangelical Ministries Association in Wheaton, Illinois (World Vision, World
Medical Relief, Samaritan's Purse, and Carl McIntyre's International Council of
Christian Churches).[194]
Similar plans devised by the Peace Corps included moving inner-city Blacks from
America to Jamaica, and other Third World countries. And World Relief attempted
to move the population of the Island of Dominica to Jonestown.[195]
It is only a matter of time before another Jonestown will be exposed, perhaps
leading again to massive slaughter.
The Links to U.S. Intelligence Agencies
The Links to U.S. Intelligence Agencies
Our story so far has hinted at
connections to U.S. intelligence, such as the long-term friendship of Jones and
CIA
associate Dan Mitrione. But the ties are much more direct when a full picture
of the operation is revealed. To start with, the history of Forbes Burnham's
rise to power in Guyana is fraught with the clear implication of a CIA coup d'état to oust
troublesome independent leader Cheddi Jagan.[196]
In addition, the press and other evidence indicated the presence of a CIA agent on the scene at the time of
the massacre. This man, Richard Dwyer, was working as Deputy Chief of Mission
for the U.S. Embassy in Guyana.[197]
Identified in Who's Who in the CIA, he has been involved since 1959, and was last stationed in
Martinique.[198]
Present at the camp site and the airport strip, his accounts were used by the
State Department to confirm the death of Leo Ryan. At the massacre, Jones said,
"Get Dwyer out of here" just before the killings began.[199]
Other Embassy personnel, who knew
the situation at Jonestown well, were also connected to intelligence work. U.S.
Ambassador John Burke, who served in the CIA with Dwyer in Thailand, was an Embassy official described
by Philip Agee as working for the CIA since 1963. A Reagan appointee to the CIA, he is still employed by the
Agency, usually on State Department assignments.[200]
Burke tried to stop Ryan's investigation.[201]
Also at the Embassy was Chief Consular officer Richard McCoy, described as
"close to Jones," who worked for military intelligence and was
"on loan" from the Defense Department at the time of the massacre.[202]
According to a standard source, "The U.S. embassy in Georgetown housed the
Georgetown CIA
station. It now appears that the majority and perhaps all of the embassy
officials were CIA
officers operating under State Department covers . . ."[203]
Dan Webber, who was sent to the site of the massacre the day after, was also
named as CIA.[204]
Not only did the State Department conceal all reports of violations at
Jonestown from Congressman Leo Ryan, but the Embassy regularly provided Jones
with copies of all congressional inquiries under the Freedom of Information
Act.[205]
Ryan had challenged the Agency's
overseas operations before, as a member of the House Committee responsible for
oversight on intelligence. He was an author of the controversial Hughes-Ryan
Amendment that would have required CIA disclosure in advance to the congressional committees of all
planned covert operations. The Amendment was defeated shortly after his death.[206]
American intelligence agencies have
a sordid history of cooperative relations with Nazi war criminals and
international fascism.[207]
In light of this, consider the curious ties of the family members of the top
lieutenants to Jim Jones. The Layton family is one example. Dr. Laurence Layton
was Chief of Chemical and Biological Warfare Research at Dugway Proving Grounds
in Utah, for many years, and later worked as Director of Missile and Satellite
Development at the Navy Propellant Division, Indian Head, Maryland.[208]
His wife, Lisa, had come from a rich German family. Her father, Hugo, had
represented I.G. Farben as a stockbroker.[209]
Her stories about hiding her Jewish past from her children for most of her
life, and her parents' escape from a train heading for a Nazi concentration
camp seem shallow, as do Dr. Layton's Quaker religious beliefs. The same family
sent money to Jonestown regularly.[210]
Their daughter, Debbie, met and married George Philip Blakey in an exclusive
private school in England. Blakey's parents have extensive stock holdings in
Solvay drugs, a division of the Nazi cartel I.G. Farben.[211]
He also contributed financially.[212]
Terri Buford's father, Admiral
Charles T. Buford, worked with Navy Intelligence.[213]
In addition, Blakey was reportedly running mercenaries from Jonestown to CIA-backed UNITA forces in Angola.[214]
Maria Katsaris' father was a minister with the Greek Orthodox Church, a common
conduit of CIA
fundings, and Maris claimed she had proof he was CIA. She was shot in the head, and her death was ruled a
suicide, but at one point Charles Beikman was charged with killing her.[215]
On their return to the United States, the "official" survivors were
represented by attorney Joseph Blatchford who had been named prior to that time
in a scandal involving CIA
infiltration of the Peace Corps.[216]
Almost everywhere you look at Jonestown, U.S. intelligence and fascism rear
their ugly heads.
The connection of intelligence
agencies to cults is nothing new. A simple but revealing example is the
Unification Church, tied to both the Korean CIA (i.e., American CIA in Korea), and the international fascist network known as
the World Anti-Communist League (WACL). The Moonies hosted WACL's first international conference.[217]
What distinguished Jonestown was both the level of control and the openly
sinister involvement. It was imperative that they cover their tracks.[218]
Maria Katsaris sent Michael Prokes,
Tim Carter, and another guard out at the last minute with $500,000 cash in a
suitcase, and instructions for a drop point. Her note inside suggests the funds
were destined for the Soviet Union.[219]
Prokes later shot himself at a San Francisco press conference, where he claimed
to be an FBI
informant.[220]
Others reported meeting with KGB agents and plans to move to Russia.[221]
This disinformation was part of a "red smear" to be used if they had
to abandon the operation. The Soviet Union had no interest in the money and
even less in Jonestown. The cash was recovered by the Guyanese government.[222]
Their hidden funding may include
more intelligence links. A mysterious account in Panama, totaling nearly $5
million in the name of an "Associacion Pro Religiosa do San Pedro,
S.A." was located.[223]
This unknown Religious Association of St. Peter was probably one of the twelve
phony companies set up by Archbishop Paul Marcinkus to hide the illegal
investments of Vatican funds through the scandal-ridden Banco Ambrosiano.[224]
A few days after the story broke about the accounts, the President of Panama,
and most of the government resigned, Roberto Calvi of Banco Ambrosiano was
murdered, and the Jonestown account disappeared from public scrutiny and court
record.[225]
The direct orders to cover up the
cause of death came from the top levels of the American government. Zbigniew
Brezezinsky delegated to Robert Pastor, and he in turn ordered Lt. Col. Gordon
Sumner to strip the bodies of identity.[226]
Pastor is now Deputy Director of the CIA.[227]
One can only wonder how many others tied to the Jonestown operation were
similarly promoted.
The Strange Connection
to the Murder of Martin Luther King
The Strange Connection
to the Murder of Martin Luther King
One of the persistent problems in
researching Jonestown is that it seems to lead to so many other criminal
activities, each with its own complex history and cast of characters. Perhaps
the most disturbing of these is the connection that appears repeatedly between
the characters in the Jonestown story and the key people involved in the murder
and investigating of Martin Luther King.
The first clue to this link appeared
in the personal histories of the members of the Ryan investigation team who
were so selectively and deliberately killed at Port Kaituma. Don Harris, a
veteran NBC reporter, had been the only network newsman on the scene to cover
Martin Luther King's activity in Memphis at the time of King's assassination.
He had interviewed key witnesses at the site. His coverage of the urban riots
that followed won him an Emmy award.[228]
Gregory Robinson, a "fearless" journalist from the San Francisco
Examiner, had photographed the same riots in Washington, D.C. When he was
approached for copies of the films by Justice Department officials, he threw
the negatives into the Potomac river.[229]
The role of Mark Lane, who served as
attorney for Jim Jones, is even more clearly intertwined.[230]
Lane had co-authored a book with Dick Gregory, claiming FBI complicity in the King murder.[231]
He was hired as the attorney for James Earl Ray, accused assassin, when Ray
testified before the House Select Committee on Assassinations about King.[232]
Prior to this testimony, Ray was involved in an unusual escape plot at Brushy
Mountain State Prison.[233]
The prisoner who had helped engineer the escape plot was later inexplicably
offered an early, parole by members of the Tennessee Governor's office. These
officials, and Governor Blanton himself, were to come under close public
scrutiny and face legal charges in regard to bribes taken to arrange illegal
early pardons for prisoners.[234]
One of the people living at
Jonestown was ex-FBI
agent Wesley Swearington, who at least publicly condemned the COINTELPRO
operations and other abuses, based on stolen classified documents, at the
Jonestown site. Lane had reportedly met with him there at least a year before
the massacre. Terri Buford said the documents were passed on to Charles Garry.
Lane used information from Swearingen in his thesis on the FBI and King's murder. Swearingen later
served as a key witness in suits against the Justice Department brought by the
Socialist Workers Party.[235]
When Larry Flynt, the flamboyant publisher of Hustler magazine, offered
a, $1 million reward leading to the capture and conviction of the John F.
Kennedy killers, the long distance number listed to collect information and
leads was being answered by Mark Lane and Wesley Swearingen.[236]
With help from officials in
Tennessee, Governor Blanton's office, Lane managed to get legal custody of a
woman who had been incarcerated in the Tennessee state psychiatric system for
nearly eight years.[237]
This woman, Grace Walden Stephens, had been a witness in the King murder.[238]
She was living at the time in Memphis in a rooming house across from the hotel
when Martin Luther King was shot.[239]
The official version of events had Ray located in the common bathroom of the
rooming house, and claimed he used a rifle to murder King from that window.[240]
Grace Stephens did, indeed, see a man run from the bathroom, past her door and
down to the street below.[241]
A rifle, later linked circumstantially to James Earl Ray, was found inside a
bundle at the base of the rooming house stairs, and identified as the murder
weapon.[242]
But Grace, who saw the man clearly, refused to identify him as Ray when shown
photographs by the FBI.[243]
Her testimony was never introduced at the trial. The FBI relied, instead, on the word of her
common law husband, Charles Stephens, who was drunk and unconscious at the time
of the incident.[244]
Her persistence in saying that it was not James Earl Ray was used at her mental
competency hearings as evidence against her, and she disappeared into the
psychiatric system.[245]
Grace Walden Stephens took up
residence in Memphis with Lane, her custodian, and Terri Buford, a key Temple
member who had returned to the U.S. before the killings to live with Lane.[246]
While arranging for her to testify before the Select Committee on Ray's behalf,
Lane and Buford were plotting another fate for Grace Stephens. Notes from
Buford to Jones, found in the aftermath of the killings, discussed arrangements
with Lane to move Grace Stephens to Jonestown.[247]
The problem that remained was lack of a passport, but Buford suggested either
getting a passport on the black market, or using the passport of former Temple
member Maxine Swaney.[248]
Swaney, dead for nearly 2-1/2 years since her departure from the Ukiah camp,
was in no position to argue and Jones apparently kept her passport with him.[249]
Whether Grace ever arrived at Jonestown is unclear.
Lane was also forced to leave Ray in
the midst of testimony to the Select Committee when he got word that Ryan was
planning to visit. Lane had attempted to discourage the trip earlier in a
vaguely threatening letter.[250]
Now he rushed to be sure he arrived with the group.[251]
At the scene, he failed to warn Ryan and others, knowing that the sandwiches
and other food might be drugged, but refrained from eating it himself.[252]
Later, claiming that he and Charles Garry would write the official history of
the "revolutionary suicide," Lane was allowed to leave the pieces of
underwear to mark their way back to Georgetown.[253]
If true, it seems an unlikely method if they were in any fear of pursuit. They
had heard gunfire and screams back at the camp.[254]
Lane was reportedly well aware of the forced drugging and suicide drills at
Jonestown before Ryan arrived.[255]
Another important figure in the
murder of Martin Luther King was his mother, Alberta. A few weeks after the
first public announcement by Coretta Scott King that she believed her husband's
murder was part of a conspiracy, Mrs. Alberta King was brutally shot to death
in Atlanta, while attending church services.[256]
Anyone who had seen the physical wounds suffered by King might have been an
adverse witness to the official version, since the Wound angles did not match
the ballistic direction of a shot from the rooming house.[257]
Her death also closely coincided with the reopening of the Tennessee state
court review of Ray's conviction based on a guilty plea, required by a 6th
Circuit decision.[258]
The judge in that case reportedly refused to allow witnesses from beyond a
100-mile radius from the courtroom.[259]
The man convicted of shooting King's
mother was Marcus Wayne Chenault. His emotional affect following the murder was
unusual. Grinning, he asked if he had hit anyone.[260]
He had reportedly been dropped off at the church by people he knew in Ohio.[261]
While at Ohio State University, he was part of a group known as "the
Troop," run by a Black minister and gun collector who used the name Rabbi
Emmanuel Israel. This man, described in the press as a "mentor" for
Chenault, left the area immediately after the shooting.[262]
In the same period, Rabbi Hill traveled from Ohio to Guyana and set up
Hilltown, using similar aliases, and preaching the same message of a
"black Hebrew elite."[263]
Chenault confided to SCLC
leaders that he was one of many killers who were working to assassinate a long
list of Black leadership. The names he said were on this list coincided with
similar "death lists" distributed by the KKK, and linked to the COINTELPRO
operations in the 60s.[264]
The real backgrounds and identities
of Marcus Wayne Chenault and Rabbi Hill may never be discovered. But one thing
is certain: Martin Luther King Would never had countenanced the preachings of
Jim Jones, had he lived to hear them.[265]
Aftermath
Aftermath
In the face of such horror, it may
seem little compensation to know that a part of the truth has been unearthed.
But for the families and some of the Survivors, the truth, however painful, is
the only path to being relieved of the burden of their doubts. It's hard to
believe that President Carter was calling on us at the time not to
"overreact." The idea that a large community of Black people would
not only stand by and be poisoned at the suggestion of Jim Jones, but would
allow their children to be murdered first, is a monstrous lie, and a racist
insult.[266]
We now know that the most direct description of Jonestown is that it was a
Black genocide plan. One Temple director, Joyce Shaw, described the Jonestown
massacre as, "some kind of horrible government experiments, or some sort
of sick racial thing, a plan like that of the Germans to exterminate
Blacks."[267]
If we refuse to look further into this nightmarish event, there will be more
Jonestowns to come. They will move from Guyana to our own back yard.
The cast of characters is neither
dead nor inactive. Key members of the armed guard were ordered to be on board
the Temple Ship, Cudjoe -- at the hour of the massacre they were on a
supply run to Trinidad. George Phillip Blakey phoned his father-in-law, Dr.
Lawrence Layton, from Panama after the event.[268]
At least ten members of the Temple remained on the boat, and set up a new
community in Trinidad while Nigel Slingger, a Grenada businessman and insurance
broker for Jonestown, repaired the 400-ton shipping vessel. Then Charles
Touchette, Paul McCann, Stephan Jones, and George Blakey set up an "open
house" in Grenada with the others. McCann spoke about starting a shipping
company to "finance the continued work of the original Temple."[269]
That "work" may have
included the mysterious operations of the mental hospital in Grenada that
eluded government security by promising free medical care.[270]
The hospital as operated by Sir Geoffrey Bourne, Chancellor of the St. George's
University Medical School, was also staffed by his son Dr. Peter Bourne.[271]
His son's history includes work with psychological experiments and USAID in
Vietnam, the methadone clinics in the U.S., and a drug scandal in the Carter
White House.[272]
The mental hospital was the only structure bombed during the U.S. invasion of
Grenada in 1983. This was part of a plan to put Sir Eric Gairy back in power.[273]
Were additional experiments going on at the site?[274]
In addition, the killers of Leo Ryan
and others at Port Kaituma were never accounted for fully. The trial of Larry
Layton was mishandled by the Guyanese courts, and the U.S. system as well.[275]
No adequate evidentiary hearings have occurred either at the trial or in state
and congressional reviews. The Jonestown killers, trained assassins and
mercenaries, are not on trial. They might be working in Africa or Central
America. Their participation in Jonestown can be used as an
"explanation" for their involvement in later murders here, such as
the case of the attack on school children in Los Angeles.[276]
They should be named and located.
The money behind Jonestown was never
fully examined or recovered. The court receivership only collected a fraction.
The bulk went to pay back military operations and burial costs. Families of the
dead were awarded only minimal amounts.[277]
Some filed suit, unsuccessfully, to learn more about the circumstances of the
deaths, and who was responsible. Joe Holsinger, Leo Ryan's close friend and
assistant, studied the case for two years and reached the same unnerving
conclusions: these people were murdered, there was evidence of a mass
mind-control experiment, and the top levels of civilian and military intelligence
were involved.[278]
He worked with Ryan's family members to prove the corruption and injustice, but
they could barely afford the immense court costs and case preparation. Their
suit, as well as a similar one brought by ex-members and families of the
victims, had to be dropped for lack of funds.[279]
The international operations of
World Vision and the related evangelical groups continue unabashed. World
Vision official John W. Hinckley, Sr. was on his way to a Guatemalan water
project run by the organization on the day his son shot at president Reagan.[280]
A mysterious "double" of Hinckley, Jr., a man named Richardson,
followed Hinckley's path from Colorado to Connecticut, and even wrote love
letters to Jody Foster. Richardson was a follower of Carl McIntyre's
International Council of Christian Churches, and attended their Bible School in
Florida. He was arrested shortly after the assassination attempt in New York's
Port Authority with a weapon, and claimed he intended to kill Reagan.[281]
Another World Vision employee, Mark
David Chapman, worked at their Haitian refugee camp in Ft. Chaffee, Arkansas.
He was later to gain infamy as the assassin of John Lennon in New York City.[282]
World Vision works with refugees worldwide. At the Honduran border, they are
present in camps used by American CIA to recruit mercenaries against Nicaragua. They were at
Sabra and Shatilla, Camps in Lebanon where fascist Phalange massacred the
Palestinians.[283]
Their representatives in the Cuban refugee camps on the east coast included
members of the Bay of Pigs operation, CIA-financed mercenaries from Omega 7 and Alpha 66.[284]
Are they being used as a worldwide cover for the recruitment and training of
these killers? They are, as mentioned earlier, working to repopulate Jonestown
with Laotians who served as mercenaries for our CIA.[285]
Silence in the face of these murders
is the worst possible response. The telling sign above the Jonestown dead read,
"Those who do not remember the past are condemned to repeat it."[286]
The genocide will come home to America. How many spent time studying the rash
of child murders in Atlanta's Black community or asked the necessary questions
about the discrepancies in the conviction of Wayne Williams?[287]
Would we recognize a planned genocide if it occurred under similar subterfuge?
Leo Ryan's daughter, Shannon, lives
among the disciples of another cult today, at the new city of Rajneeshpuram in
Arizona. She was quoted in the press, during the recent controversy over a
nationwide recruiting drive to bring urban homeless people to the commune,
saying she did not believe it could end like Jonestown, since the leader would
not ask them to commit suicide. "If he did ask me, I would do it,"
she said.[288]
Homeless recruits who had left since then are suing in court because of
suspicious and unnecessary injections given them by the commune's doctor, and a
liquid they were served daily in unmarked jars that many believe was not simply
"beer." One man in the suit claims he was drugged and disoriented for
days after his first injection.[289]
The ultimate victims of mind control
at Jonestown are the American people. If we fail to look beyond the constructed
images given us by the television and the press, then our consciousness is
manipulated, just as well as the Jonestown victims' was. Facing nuclear
annihilation, may see the current militarism of the Reagan policies, and
military training itself, as the real "mass suicide cult." If the
discrepancy between the truth of Jonestown and the official version can be so
great, what other lies have we been told about major events?[290]
History is precious. In a democracy,
knowledge must be accessible for informed consent to function. Hiding or
distorting history behind "national security" leaves the public as
the final enemy of the government. Democratic process cannot operate on
"need to know." Otherwise we live in the 1984 envisioned by Orwell's
projections and we must heed his warning that those who control the past
control the future.[291]
The real tragedy of Jonestown is not
only that it occurred, but that so few chose to ask themselves why or how, so
few sought to find out the facts behind the bizarre tale used to explain away
the death of more than 900 people, and that so many will continue to be blind
to the grim reality of our intelligence agencies. In the long run, the truth
will come out. Only our complicity in the deception continues to dishonor the
dead.
SOURCES
1.
Hold Hands and
Die! John Maguire (Dale Books, 1978), p.
235 (Story of the Century); Raven, Tim Reiterman (Dutton, 1982) p. 575
(citing poll result).
2.
The standard version first appeared
in two "instant books," so instant (12/10/78) they seemed to have
been written before the event! The Suicide Cult, Kilduff & Javers
(Bantam Books, 1978); Guyana Massacre, Charles Krause (Berkeley Pub.,
1978).
Other standard research works on the topic include: White Night, John Peer Nugent (Wade, 1979); Raven, op cit., and Hold Hands and Die!, op cit.; The Cult That Died, George Klineman (Putnam 1980); The Children of Jonestown, Kenneth Wooden (McGraw-Hill, 1981); The Strongest Poison, Mark Lane (Hawthorn Books, 1980); Our Father Who Art In Hell, James Reston (Times Books, 1981); Journey to Nowhere, Shiva Naipaul (Simon & Schuster, 1981); The Assassination of Representative Leo J. Ryan & The Jonestown, Guyana Tragedy, Report, House Committee on Foreign Affairs (GPO, May 15, 1979).
Personal accounts by members of People's Temple and survivors of Jonestown: Six Years With God, Jeannie Mills (A&W Publ., 1979); People's Temple, People's Tomb, Phil Kerns (Logos, Int., 1979); Deceived, Mel White (Spire Books, 1979); The Broken God, Bonnie Theilmann (David Cook, 1979); Awake in a Nightmare, Feinsod (Norton, 1981); In My Father's House, Yee & Layton (Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1981).
Other standard research works on the topic include: White Night, John Peer Nugent (Wade, 1979); Raven, op cit., and Hold Hands and Die!, op cit.; The Cult That Died, George Klineman (Putnam 1980); The Children of Jonestown, Kenneth Wooden (McGraw-Hill, 1981); The Strongest Poison, Mark Lane (Hawthorn Books, 1980); Our Father Who Art In Hell, James Reston (Times Books, 1981); Journey to Nowhere, Shiva Naipaul (Simon & Schuster, 1981); The Assassination of Representative Leo J. Ryan & The Jonestown, Guyana Tragedy, Report, House Committee on Foreign Affairs (GPO, May 15, 1979).
Personal accounts by members of People's Temple and survivors of Jonestown: Six Years With God, Jeannie Mills (A&W Publ., 1979); People's Temple, People's Tomb, Phil Kerns (Logos, Int., 1979); Deceived, Mel White (Spire Books, 1979); The Broken God, Bonnie Theilmann (David Cook, 1979); Awake in a Nightmare, Feinsod (Norton, 1981); In My Father's House, Yee & Layton (Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1981).
3.
"The People's Temple,"
William Pfaff, New Yorker, 12/18/78; Hold Hands, p. 241-7 (cults)
and Journey to Nowhere, p. 294 (the period); The Family, Ed
Sanders (Avon Press, 1974) (Charlie Manson); Snapping, Flo Conway
(brainwashing); Ecstasy & Holiness, Frank Musgrove (Indiana Univ.
Press, 1974).
In case you missed the decade and what happened: The Sixties (Rolling Stone Press, 1977); The Sixties Papers, Judith & Stew Albert (Praeger, 1984); By Any Means Necessary: Outlaw Manifestoes 1965-70, P. Stansill (Penguin, 1971); Protest & Discontent, Bernard Crick (Penguin 1970); Fire in the Streets, Milton Viorst (Random House, 1982); Blacklisted News: Secret Histories from Chicago to 1984 (Yipster Times, 1984); The Making of a Counter-Culture, Theodor Roszak (Doubleday, 1969).
In case you missed the decade and what happened: The Sixties (Rolling Stone Press, 1977); The Sixties Papers, Judith & Stew Albert (Praeger, 1984); By Any Means Necessary: Outlaw Manifestoes 1965-70, P. Stansill (Penguin, 1971); Protest & Discontent, Bernard Crick (Penguin 1970); Fire in the Streets, Milton Viorst (Random House, 1982); Blacklisted News: Secret Histories from Chicago to 1984 (Yipster Times, 1984); The Making of a Counter-Culture, Theodor Roszak (Doubleday, 1969).
4.
"Inside People's Temple,"
Marshall Kilduff, New West, 8/1/77; Hold Hands, p. 100.
5.
"Rev Jones Became West Coast
Power," Washington Post (WP), 11/20/78. Hold Hands,
p. 130 and Journey to Nowhere, p. 47.
6.
"Rev. Jones Accused of
Coercion," New York Times (NYT), 4/12/79; NYT,
11/27/78 (warning letter to Ryan, 6/78).
7.
Assassination
of Leo J. Ryan, op cit., pp. 1-3; "Ryan
to Visit," Kilduff, San Francisco Chronicle (SFC), 11/8/78.
8.
"A Hell of a Story: The Selling
of a Massacre," Wash. Jrn. Rev., Jan-Feb, 1979. Standard details
recounted in books cited above in footnote 2. Children of
Jonestown, p. 201 (mass grave); NYT, 12/19 and 12/20/78, and 1/10/79
(28 cremated), also 1/25 and 5/25/79 (bodies cremated in mass grave, 248).
9.
Raven, p. 576 (Layton charges); WP 11/19/84 (Ryan medal).
10. Hold Hands,
p. 216.
11. Helter Skelter,
Vincent Bugliosi (Norton, 1974).
12. Hold Hands,
pp. 215-16.
13. New York Post,
11/21/78 (headline); WP, 11/21/78, San Francisco Examiner (SFE),
11/22/78, Guyana Daily Mirror, 11/23/78, NYT, 11/22/78 (flee to
jungle); NYT, 11/21-23/78 (estimated 4-500 missing); White Night,
pp. 224-226 and NYT, 11/23/78 (U.S. search with loudspeakers).
14. Boston Globe,
11/21/78, Baltimore Sun, 11/21/78, NYT, 11/20/78 (est. 11-1200); White
Night, p. 228 (Jones says 1,200), Guyanese Daily Mirror, 11/23/78
(1,000).
15. WP, 11/21/78 (passports); White
Night, p. 230 (809 visa applications), and Hold Hands, p. 146 (800
on busses to Florida); Children of Jonestown, p. 202, and NYT,
11/26/78 (children, 260 dead at site, 276 at Dover).
16. White Night,
p. 223. NYT, 11/21/78 (408 dead, Guyanese "pick way" to
count), 11/22/78 (409 dead, U.S. Army teams), 11/23/78 (400 dead, Maj. Helming,
U.S.), 11/24/78 (409 dead, still).
17. White Night,
p. 231 and Hold Hands, pp. 226-34; NYT, 11/25/78 (775, P. Reid,
Guyana), 11/26/78 (over 900, U.S. "final" 910, AF or 914, Reuters);
11/29/78 (900, Lloyd Barker, Guyana), 12/1/78 (911, U.S. Air Force), 12/4/78
(911, Dover AFB, Del.).
18. Guyana Daily Mirror,
11/23/85
19. White Night,
pp. 229-30 (can't count); NYT, 11/25/78 (State Dept. Business,
"rough"), 11/25/78 (American official disagrees, says Guyanese count
"firm"); Children of Jonestown, p. 196 (poking).
20. White Night,
p. 229 (pavilion story), 230 ("mounds of people," Maj. Hickman); SFE
11/25/78 (adults covered children); NYT, 11/25/78 ("layered,"
Ridley, Guyana, but U.S. soldier, "only one layer").
21. Baltimore Sun,
11/21/78 (82 children, 163 women, 138 men first count).
22. Photographs appear in most of the standard reference works,
see footnote 2. Also, good pictures in
the following: "Jonestown: the Survivors' Story," NYT Magazine,
11/18/79; "Death in the Jungle," 11/27/78 and "Cult of
Death," 12/4/78 in Newsweek; "Cult Massacre," 11/27/78
and "Cult of Death," 12/4/78 in Time; "Cult of
Madness," 12/4/78 and "Bloody Trail Behind Jonestown," 12/25/78
in Macleans; "In the Valley of the Shadow of Death," Tim
Cahill, Rolling Stone, 1/25/79; "Questions Linger about
Guyana," Sidney Jones, Oakland Times, 12/9/78; "Cult Defectors
Suspect U.S. of Cover-up," Los Angeles Times, 12/18/78.
23. White Night,
p. 229 (quoting State Dept. Bushnell), and Hold Hands, p. 233 (doubts); NYT,
11/23/78 (U.S. searching, Carter); 11/24/78 ("in vain"), 11/29/78
("none"), and 12/1/78 (30-40 in Venezuela).
24. WP, 11/21/78 ("Cult Head Leads
408 to Death"); NYT, 11/20-22/78 (searching, pickup Lane &
Garry); White Night, p. 239 (Burnham sends in "his boys").
25. White Night,
p. 224 (over 300 U.S. troops, 11/20); Guyana Daily Mirror, 11/23/78 (325
U.S. troops); Hold Hands, p. 200 (200 for clean-up) and NYT,
11/23/78 (239 to evacuate). What was the function of nearly 100 additional
U.S. forces? "Jocks in the Jungle," London Sunday Times,
11/78 (British Black Watch troops).
26. Photographs, see footnote 22. Strongest Poison,
p. 194 (Lou Gurvich, "dragged and laid out").
27. "Mystery Shrouds Jonestown Affair," Guyanese
Daily Mirror, 11/23/78; NYT, 11/24 and 29/78 (missing in jungle
disappear, Guyanese say "none," Barker).
28. SFE, 11/20/78
(headline), also WP, 11/21/78 or NYT, 11/28/78.
29. Children of Jonestown,
p. 193; NYT, 12/14/78 (Mootoo testifies to coroner's jury), 2/18/79
(Chicago Med. Examiner Robt. Stein promised help, none came).
30. A Guide to Pathological Evidence for Lawyers and Police
Officers, F. Jaffe (Carswell Press, 1983); Poisons,
Properties, Chemical Identification, Symptoms and Emergency Treatment, V.
Brooks (Van Nostrand, 1958).
31. Photographs, see footnote 22. "Questions
Linger," Oakland Times, 12/9/78.
32. "Coroner Says 700 Who Died in Cult were Slain," Miami
Herald, 12/17/78; NYT, 12/12/78 (injections, upper arm), 11/17/78
(700 were murdered), 12/18/78 (Mootoo shocks American Academy of Forensic
Scientists meeting).
33. White Night,
pp. 230-1 (shot); WP, 11/221/78 (shot), Guyana Daily Mirror,
11/23/78 ("bullets in bodies," Ridley); NYT, 11/29/78
("no guns/struggle," Lloyd Barker), 11/20/78 ("no
violence," Ridley); NYT, 11/18,19,21/78 (Jim Jones, Annie Moore,
Maria Katsaris shot in head); WP, 11/21/78 ("forced to die by
guards"), also Washington Star, 11/25/78 (forced).
34. Children of Jonestown,
p. 191 and WP, 11/21/78 (unknown if Jones shot himself); Strongest
Poison, p. 194 (Gurvich, no nitrate test on hands); Hold Hands, p.
260 (gun far from body); Miami Herald, 12/17/78 (Mootoo suspects
murdered); NYT, 11/26/78 (drug o.d., shot after, U.S. Major Groom),
12/1,7/78 (Guyanese and U.S. pathologists autopsy), 12/10/78 (ballistics
tests), 12/20,21/78 (illegal cremation), 12/23/78 (not suicide, Mag. Bacchus,
Guyana Coroner's Jury).
35. Raven, p. 576 and Miami
Herald, 12/17/78 (grand jury decision); Strongest Poison, p. 194
(Gurvich, evidence of shooting, over 600 bodies); NYT, 12/13/78 (grand
jury set up), 12/14,15,17/78 (Mootoo testimony, tour of site), 12/23/78
(conclusion, "persons unknown," Katsaris, Moore suicides).
37. White Night,
p. 231 (Schuler quote), Children of Jonestown, p. 197 (unaware); Strongest
Poison, pp. 182-89 (autopsy problems); NYT, 11/26/78 and 12/5/78 (no
autopsies, reluctant), 11/26/78 (Mootoo's work unknown).
38. Hold Hands,
p. 260, and see footnotes 17, 28, 33 or Lloyd Barker; "Cult
Defectors Suspect Cover-up," LAT, 12/18/78; "Jonestown &
the CIA, Daily World, 6/23/81; NYT, 12/3,8/78 (Lloyd Barker
collusion), 12/7,8,24/78 (Deputy Prime Minister Reid's role), 12/25/78 (U.S.
attempts to discredit coroner's jury).
39. Hold Hands,
p. 229; SFE, 11/22/78 ($1 million), or see NYT, 12/8/78 ($2.5
million at site); WP, 11/28/78 (cash, wallets, gold); NYT,
12/12/78 (visit to site by Burnham's party official).
40. Journey to Nowhere,
p. 58,117 (Ptolemy Reid cover-up), see also footnote 38; Daily World,
10/23/80 (Cheddi Jagan interview); Guyana Daily Mirror, 11/28/78
(1/23/79); NYT, 1/23/79 ("Templegate"); NYT,
11/20,25/78 (Ridley body counts, 408 to 708), and see footnote 33; NYT, 11/26, 12/6,11,24/78
and 2/11,5/16/79 (Guyana's collusion) and 12/3/78 (Burnham).
41. White Night,
p. 225 (C-131s), NYT, 11/24/78 (equipment lists).
42. White Night,
p. 228 (identity strip), and Children of Jonestown, p. 196 (medical
tags); Hold Hands, p. 59 (tags visible in photo).
43. Hold Hands,
p. 200 and White Night, p. 224 (Vietnam "looked like Ton San
Nhut"); White Night, p. 224 (planes carried 557 caskets).
44. Hold Hands,
pp. 200-1 (182 arrive last day); White Night, pp. 226, 231 (Maj.
Hickman, "six days," first bodies arrive Dover 11/28); NYT,
11/24,26/78 (airlift details).
45. Hold Hands,
p. 204; White Night, pp. 228-31 (description, "These were the
worst").
46. Hold Hands,
p. 201 (182 last day, 17 identified); White Night, p. 226 (Dover site),
227 (174 identified by Guyanese), 231 (183 in 82 caskets); NYT, 11/30/78
(Dover, map), 11/21/78 (50 U.S. experts sent), 12/1/78 (46 identified).
48. Hold Hands,
p. 203 (families not permitted to see remains), and personal interviews; Baltimore
Sun, 12/28/78 (only 259 claimed by families); NYT, 12/22/78,
1/8,24/79, 2/17/78, 3/31/79, 4/18/79 (Dover body counts 675 to 547) and 4/26.
49. Strongest Poison,
pp. 182-9; NYT, 12/21/78, and 1/10/79 (New Jersey says cremation
illegal, censures six doctors); NYT, 11/30/79 (Delaware legal problems).
50. "Medical Examiners Find Failings by Government on Cult
Bodies," NYT, 12/3/78; Rescue Mission Report, Joint Chiefs
of Staff, Special Operations Review (GPO, 1980); Delta Force, Charles
Beckwith (Harcourt Brace & Jovanovich, 1983).
51. White Night,
pp. 228-9 (no autopsies, death certificates in Guyana); NYT, 12/12/78
(Dr. Sturmer, National Assoc. of Med. Examiners); NYT, 12/3/78 (other
medical examiners complain, "legally dubious method"); NYT,
12/16/78 (Sturmer again), 12/4/78 (embalmed) and footnote 8 (cremations).
52. Hold Hands,
p. 203 and American Funeral Director, Jan. 1979; NYT, 12/1,2/78
(FBI fingerprint 911, or 700, and identify 255).
53. Children of Jonestown,
p. 197; Hold Hands, p. 204; Strongest Poison, pp. 182-89; NYT,
12/3,18/79 (quotes), 12/13,16,17,19/78 (autopsies, complaints), 12/25/78
("few facts"), and footnote 37 (Mootoo's work
unknown).
54. Raven, p. 527; Hold
Hands, pp. 32 (photo), 53-4, and WP, 11/21/78 (diagram); NYT,
11/21/78 (illus.).
55. White Night,
p. 197; Raven, p. 533; Strongest Poison, p. 131; Children of
Jonestown, pp. 168-70; NYT, 2/20/79 (not guilty plea).
56. Ibid. - Raven
57. White Night,
p. 197, Raven, p. 525ff (ambush described); Hold Hands, p. 256
(Layton's "dumb stare"), and LAT, 11/28/79 (Layton as
"robot"); Journey to Nowhere, pp. 96-98 (Beikman in court
"staring"); NYT, 12/15/78 (Layton insanity defense), 12/21/78
(Layton "responsible").
58. White Night,
p. 197.
59. WP, 11/21/78 (Laytons' role, Jones'
quote); Boston Globe, "Killers Hunted," 11/21/78; SFE,
11/22/78 (7 involved); NYT, 11/20/78 and 12/18/78 (lists of dead),
11/21/78 and 12/21/78 (Kice named, Joe Wilson gave Ryan gun at ambush),
11/29/78 and 12/9/78 (claim all dead, 8 warrants dropped), 12/21/78 (survivors
scared to fly with "others"), 11/22 and 12/20/78 (Stephan Jones, Tim
Carter, Michael Prokes arrested or charged with murders), 11/22,25/78 and
12/15,17/78 (Cobb, Rhodes, Moore, Clayton, named survivors), 12/6/78 (3 escape
to Caracas & Miami before massacre).
Who Killed Ryan? NYT, 11/22/78 (FBI investigates "conspiracy"), 12/28/78 (Tim Jones takes 5th amendment on Ryan shooting).
Who Killed Ryan? NYT, 11/22/78 (FBI investigates "conspiracy"), 12/28/78 (Tim Jones takes 5th amendment on Ryan shooting).
60. Raven, p. 573 (elite
squad), Hold Hands, p. 145; Newsweek, 12/4/78; Daily World,
6/23/81 (Holsinger).
61. "Grim Report," Kilduff, SFC, 6/15/78
(guards, abuse); Newsweek, 12/4/78 (different food, treatment); LAT,
11/28/78 (Debbie Layton Blakey, "upper middle-class whites").
62. White Night,
p. 139; Raven, p. 403 (Cudjoe); and Raven, p. 241 (obeyed
orders).
63. Chicago Defender,
cited in Black Panther News, 12/30/78 (UNITA recruits for Africa);
"Ryan Murder Suspect Resembles Robot," Hall, LAT, 11/26/78
(programmed), NYT, 11/30/78 (survivors had special privileges).
64. Hold Hands,
p. 150; Strongest Poison, p. 85 (% women); "Questions Linger,"
Oakland Times, 12/9/78 (% Blacks); NYT, 11/20/78, 12/18/78 (death
lists).
65. WP, 12/9/78 (FBI claims killers among
dead), see footnotes 13, 23 (missing people); LAT,
11/25/78 (Stanley Clayton, survivor, "hundreds were slain,"
"forced to die"); NYT, 12/6/78 (3 escape), 12/4/78 (Pan Am
won't fly without armed guard), 1/29/74, ("cheers" heard), 12/23/78
("persons unknown").
66. Assassination of Leo J. Ryan, p. 35; Raven, pp. 572-3; Hold Hands, p.254
("hit squad"); White Night, p. 224 (rumors at site); Journey
to Nowhere, p. 148 ("basketball team"); LAT, 12/18/78, NYT,
12/1,4/78 (fears in U.S.), NYT, 12/4/78 (SF police guard Temple,
"at a loss"), 12/23/78 (radio orders to kill relatives, Jonestown to
San Francisco day of massacre, FBI).
68. Hold Hands,
p. 30.
69. NYT, 11/22,23/78
(rumors, "master plan," Lane), 11/29 and 12/1/78 (FBI says
"serious," Secret Service investigates), 12/11,23/78 (Buford
testifies).
70. AP, May 19, 1979 (wrongly attributed to Cong. staff
investigator George Berdes).
71. "Suicide Carnage," Baltimore Sun, 11/21/78
("write the story"); Hold Hands, pp. 127, 221 (Lane, Garry
lawyers for People's Temple); NYT, 11/23/78 (Garry once called Jonestown
"paradise," says Jones "lost reason"); NYT, 11/21/78
(picked up in jungle by Guyanese troops),
72. Raven, p. 572
(survivors); Guyana Daily Mirror, 11/23/78 (32 captured by Guyanese); NYT,
11/30, 12/3,7,30/78 (reports of returning groups, totalling 30, more remain).
73. Raven, p. 575;
"Fateful Prophecy is Fulfilled," Newsweek, 3/10/80;
"Mills Family Murders: Could it be Jim Jones' Last Revenge?" People,
3/17/78.
74. Hold Hands,
pp. 130-31, 254 (link of Jones to Moscone and Milk); The Mayor of Castro
Street, Randy Shilts (St. Martin's, 1982); NYT, 1/17, 2/19, 4/24,
5/18, 5/22, 7/4/79 (Dan White arrest, trial, conviction, sentence); NYT,
5/22/79 (gay riot in response), 5/22/79 (White biography); NYT, 11/27
(murder), 12/6 ("no link"), 12/18/78 (illegal votes for Moscone);
"The Milk/Moscone Case Reviewed," Paul Krassner, Nation,
1/14/84.
75. No note provided in original text.
76. Los Angeles Herald,
2/12/84.
77. Hold Hands,
pp. 61,68 (KKK, Jones's racism); NYT, 11/26/78 (biography).
78. Hold Hands,
pp. 62-3.
79. Personal interviews, Richmond, Indiana, 1981. Raven,
p. 26 (Jones' boyhood); Hidden Terrors, A.J. Langguth (Pantheon, 1978)
(Mitrione).
80. Hold Hands,
pp. 63-4 (calling as minister), 66, 70 (ordained as minister); NYT,
11/22,29/79, 3/13/79 (Disciples of Christ).
81. Hold Hands,
pp. 62, 64.
82. Hold Hands,
pp. 66, 166 (monkey business); White Night, pp. 9-10 (Indiana U. link).
83. Hold Hands,
p. 65 (faith healer); Hidden Terrors, pp. 17, 41 (chief of police).
84. Hold Hands,
pp. 68, 102 (cure cancer), 75, 76, 103 (chicken livers); Six Years, p.
86ff (photos).
85. No note supplied in original text.
86. Suicide Cult,
pp. 181-2.
87. White Night,
p.236; Journey to Nowhere, pp. 95, 98 (Burnham's people defend him), NYT,
11/21 (murders), 11/26, 12/1,5,14/78 (charges and trials), 12/19/78 and 2/3/79
(Stephan Jones "confesses" and "retracts"), 11/28/78
(charged with Katsaris).
88. Hidden Terrors,
p. 42; Who's Who in the CIA, Julius Mader (E. Berlin, 1968).
89. Suicide Cult,
p. 21; WP, 11/22/78.
90. Hold Hands,
p. 65; NYT, 3/25/79 (also recruiting black families in Cuba, 1960).
91. "Jones' Mysterious Brazil Stay," San Jose
Mercury, 11/78.
92. San Jose Mercury,
11/78; "Penthouse Interview: Stephan Jones," Penthouse, 4/79.
93. Hidden Terrors,
pp. 63, 117, 249 (Mitrione in Brazil '62-'67).
94. Ibid., pp. 139-40
(reference to Who's Who in CIA); NYT, 6/11,29/79 (Uruguay).
95. See it!
96. Journey to Nowhere,
p. 247; Hold Hands, p. 171 (paid "pile of money," "$5,000
to have sex with Ambassador's wife" -- cover story for payoff); Suicide
Cult, p. 42 (money to travel around U.S. on return).
97. "Bishop's Report Names CIA," WP, 2/16/85;
"Private Groups . . . Millions Raised," WP, 12/10/84;
"Americares Foundation -- Central America Gets Private Aid," WP,
2/27/85 (Knights of Malta, CIA's Casey, Brezezinsky, Haig, funnel donations for
"medicine" through Sterling Drugs, linked to I.G. Farben.).
98. Journey to Nowhere,
p. 251.
99. "Guyana Tragedy Points to a Need for Better Care and
Protection of Guardianship Children," Comptroller General Report
(GPO, 1980); NYT, 1/25/79 (150 "foster children" in Ukiah),
2/14/79 (Mendocino agency says "none placed"), 2/17/79 (Sen. Cranston
says 17 Ukiah children among dead).
100.
"World Vision, Go Home,"
L. Lee, Christian Century, 5/16/79; "In the Spirit of Jimmy
Jones," J. Fogarty, Akwesasne Notes, Winter, 1982; NYT,
2/26,4/4,11/16/75 and 12/25/79 (W.V. Cambodia), 4/2-5/75 and 6/30/79 (Vietnam
work).
101.
Journey to
Nowhere, p. 220; "Jim Jones a
Republican," LAT, 12/17/78 (John Birch); Daily World,
6/23/81 (Holsinger comments), and NYT, 11/24/78 ("helpful"
reputation).
102.
"Jim Jones was a Republican for
6 Years," LAT, 12/17/78; Hold Hands, p. 70 (Jones held 15%
vote Mendocino County).
103.
Hold Hands, p. 93.
104.
Hold Hands, p. 84; NYT, 11/21/78 (Tim Stoen joins, legal
advisor).
105.
Hold Hands, p. 95 (Debbie Layton Blakey); In My Father's House
(Layton's stories); Strongest Poison (Terry Buford), NYT, 12/4/78
(Layton family, 6 join).
106.
Six Years, p. 86ff (photos); NYT, 11/22-24/78 (biography),
11/29/78 (college $).
107.
Strongest
Poison, p. 85; Philadelphia Inquirer,
11/19/78.
108.
Hold Hands, p. 138 (family joins); "Cult Got Assets from Layton,"
LAT, 11/26/78; "Family Tragedy," NYT, 12/4/78
(aristocratic).
109.
Washington Post, 1/22/78 (27,000 acres leased, 1974); Daily World,
6/23/81 ($600,000).
110.
In My Father's
House, pp. 18-19.
111.
Hold Hands, pp. 94, 127-8; NYT, 12/16-17/79 (Swiss bank
accounts).
112.
Hold Hands, p. 96; Baltimore Sun, 11/21/78; NYT,
11/21/78 (list), 12/5/78 (Stoen close to D.A. Hunter, later investigated
Temple).
113.
"Statement by Joe
Holsinger," 5/23/80, citing Strongest Poison (Chapter 5), (Jones as
"patriotic American"); LAT, 12/17/78; NYT, 12/1/78
(Reagan says Jones "close to Democrats").
114.
Hold Hands, pp. 73-75, 79, 176.
115.
Hold Hands, pp. 182-3; Journey to Nowhere, pp. 223-4, WP,
11/22/78 (Housing Commission); "DA Accuses Deputy Stoen," SFE,
1/21/79; WP, 11/22/78; Baltimore Sun, 11/21/78 (election and
voter fraud); NYT, 12/18,20/78 (illegal Moscone votes).
116.
Journey to
Nowhere, p. 279 (welfare appointments); NYT,
12/18/79 (half of dead on Calif. Welfare sometime, 10% active, 51 fraud).
117.
Hold Hands, p. 132 (Angela Davis), 213 and NYT, 11/23/78
(Roslyn Carter), NYT, 11/21/78 (list), also WP, 11/20/78 and Baltimore
Sun, 11/21/78.
118.
Age of
Surveillance, Frank Donner (Random House, 1980);
Spying on Americans, Athan Theoharis (Temple University Press, 1978;
"Garden Plot and SWAT: U.S. Police as New Action Army," Counterspy,
Winter, 1976.
119.
Secret Agenda, Jim Hougan (Random House, 1984), pp. 99, 102; Final
Report, Senate Select Committee on Presidential Campaign Activities (GPO,
1974), pp. 3-7 and Hearings, Vol. 3, pp. 1319-37 and-Vol. 4, pp. 1453-64
(describes Houston plan); The Whole Truth: The Watergate Conspiracy, Sam
Ervin (Random House, 1980); "A New Watergate Revelation: The White House
Death Squads," Johnathan Marshall, Inquiry, 3/5/79.
120.
COINTELPRO, Nelson Blackstock (Vintage, 1976); The FBI and Martin
Luther King: From SOLO to Memphis, David Garrow (Norton, 1981); Assassination
of Malcolm X, George Breiterman (Pathfinder Press, 1976); also see on King
harassment: Nation, 6/17/78, Newsweek, 9/28/81, and NYT,
3/17/75. Also browse NYT, 11/19-23/75 and 12/3-24/75.
121.
"Remembering Ed Meese: From the
Free Speech Movement to Operation Garden Plot," Johan Carlisle, S.F.
Bay Guardian, 4/4/84; "Officer Ed Meese," Jeff Stein, New
Republic, 10/7/81; "Ed Meese," Rebel, 12/13/84, Alex
Dubro; "Bringing the War Home," Ron Ridenhour, New Times,
11/28/75.
122.
"Garden Plot & SWAT," Counterspy,
Winter, 1976.
123.
"Why Civil Libertarians are
Leery of Ed Meese," Oakland Tribune, 2/13/84.
124.
"Jim Jones: The Seduction of
San Francisco," J. Kasindorf, New West, 12/18/78; "Churchmen
Hunt Clues on Cult's Lure for Blacks," H. Soles, Christianity Today,
3/23/79; "An Interpretation of People's Temple and Jim Jones," Journal
Interdenom. Theol. Ctr., Fall 1979; "Cuname, Curare & Cool Aid:
The Politics that Spawned and Nurtured Jonestown," George Jackson
(self-published, 1984).
125.
Hold Hands, p. 87.
126.
Hold Hands, pp. 88, 182-3.
127.
Hold Hands, pp. 84, 100-1; "Jones Linked to Extortion," LAT,
11/25/78; NYT, 12/3/78.
128.
Hold Hands, pp. 96, 172, 210-11.
129.
"Seven Mysterious Deaths,"
Kathy Hunter, Ukiah Press-Democrat.
130.
LAT, 11/25/78; NYT, 11/21/78 (Jones threatens to kill
defectors).
131.
Journey to
Nowhere, pp. 49-50, 67, 102.
132.
Assassination
of Leo J. Ryan, p. 316 (Debbie Layton affidavit); LAT,
11/18/78; NYT, 11/20; 12/5/78 (White Nights).
133.
Hold Hands, pp. 71-2, 180; NYT, 11/21,28/78 and 12/7/78 (abuse
complaints, ignored).
134.
"Inside People's Temple,"
Kilduff, New West, 8/1/77; "Jim Jones: The Making of a
Madman," Phil Tracy, New West, 12/18/78; LAT, 12/8/78.
135.
Hold Hands, pp. 16, 130, 136-7; "Scared Too Long," SFE,
11/13/77 (Houston death); NYT, 11/21/78.
136.
Hold Hands, p. 127, 133.
137.
Hold Hands, p. 136 (against advice); NYT, 11/21/78 (Speiers
makes out will).
138.
Personal interviews with Joe
Holsinger, Ryan's aide, 1980; NYT, 11/21/78, 12/16/78 (panic).
139.
Hold Hands, pp. 87-8, 100.
140.
White Night, p. 226; Hold Hands, p. 232, SFC, 11/23/78
("doubles").
141.
The Second
Oswald, Popkin (Berkeley, 1968).
142.
See footnote 34.
143.
White Night, p. 227 (autopsy, identification); Hold Hands, p.
262 (photo); "New Mystery: Is Jones Dead?" NY Daily News,
11/23/78.
144.
NYT, 11/24/78 (fingerprints).
145.
Hold Hands, pp. 77, 83; In My Father's House, pp. 115-6.
146.
"Jungle Geopolitics in Guyana:
How a Communist Utopia that Ended in a Massacre Came to be Sited," American
Journal of Economics & Sociology, 4/81.
147.
Guyana Massacre (photo of Garry at Temple).
149.
Journey to
Nowhere, p. 126.
150.
"James G. McDonald: High
Commissioner for Refugees, 1933-35," Werner Lib. Bull. #43-44;
"Refugee Immigration: Truman Directive," Prologue, Spring
1981; Caribbean Review, Fall 1981.
151.
Journey to
Nowhere, pp. 117-18 (interior development);
"Guyana's National Service Program," Journal of Administration
Overseas, 1/76; Caribbean Review, Fall 1981, 1982.
152.
"Mineral Resources Map," Area
Handbook for Guyana, State Department (GPO, 1969); White Night, p.
238 (Burnham); Hold Hands, p. 149.
153.
White Night, p. 238 (Burnham on importing labor, "exploit the
exploitable").
154.
Hold Hands, p. 144 (Embassy visits since 1973); "Consulate
Officers: Babysitters," NYT, 11/29/78 and NYT, 12/6,11,24/78
(Guyana denies links), but see 5/16/79 (House Report charges collusion), and
12/5/78; 5/4,16/79 (House report critical of role of U.S. Embassy).
155.
Hold Hands, p. 146.
156.
"Brother Forced To Go To
Jonestown," LAT, 11/27/78 (kill whole family threat); Personal
interview with Guyanese present, 1980 (bound and gagged).
157.
Journey to
Nowhere, p. 107, (guards, "state
within a state"); Hold Hands, p. 127 (coercion by armed guards,
Yolanda Crawford), personal interview with Guyanese living within 5 miles of
site, 1981.
158.
Journey to
Nowhere, pp. 73-4 (adoption, 7 Guyanese
children among dead); Guyana Daily Mirror, 11/23/78.
159.
Hold Hands, p. 39 (Gerry Parks), 156 (Blakey); "Life in
Jonestown," Newsweek, 12/4/78; "Jonestown," Michael
Novak, AEI Reprint #94, 3/79 (work and food).
160.
Holsinger
Statement, 5/23/80, NYT, 11/23/78
("preoccupied with").
161.
Hold Hands, pp. 50-51 (Tim Bogue), 157-63, 170-1 (public rape);
"People's Temple in Guyana is a Prison," Santa Rosa Press Democrat,
4/12/78; Newsweek, 12/4/78 (special treatment); SFC, 6/15/78; Baltimore
Sun, 11/21/78; NYT, 11/20/78 (slaves, torture), 12/4/78 (denials).
162.
No entry supplied in original manuscript.
163.
Trading with
the Enemy, Charles Higham (Dell, 1983), p. 23
(Schacht role in war); NYT, 10/11/79 (Auschwitz plan).
164.
Miami Herald, 3/27/79 (set up accounts); LAT 11/18/79, and see my
"Jonestown Banks"); NYT,
11/21,23,28,29/78; 12/2,3,8,16,20/78 (millions described in various places); NYT,
1/13/79 (IRS says back taxes would be millions), 12/3/78 ($2 million
real estate).
165.
LAT, 1/5/78; SFC, 1/9/79, and see my "Jonestown Banks" again; NYT,
8/3/79 (puts Panama and Venezuela accounts at $15 million plus), NYT,
1/24/79 (receivership), 12/19/78 and 2/11; 10/11/79 (U.S. and Guyanese
government and relatives claim it).
166.
In My Father's
House, pp. 18, 19.
167.
Assassination, pp. 775-6, (199 SSA beneficiaries at site), Hold Hands,
pp. 78, 139; NYT, 11/22/78 (200 get $40,000/month), and 2/14/79 (Senate
investigation). If the average check is $200 a month, how do 199 people equal
$65,000?
168.
NYT, 11/21/78 and 12/10/78 (guns on site don't match
cartridges); NYT, 12/3178 (smuggling operations).
170.
Operation Mind
Control, Walter Bowart (Dell, 1978); The
Search for the Manchurian Candidate, John Marks (Times Books, 1978);
"Project MK-ULTRA: CIA Program of Research in Behavior Modification,"
Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, Hearings, 8/3/77 (GPO, 1977); WP,
"MK-ULTRA" (series), summer/fall 1977; NYT, 1/30/79 (overview
of MK-ULTRA).
171.
Individual
Rights and the Federal Role in Behavior Modification, Senate Subcommittee on Constitutional Rights (GPO, 1974); NYT,
1/25/79 (children), 2/7,10/79 (blacks), Philadelphia Inquirer, 11/26/79
(prison).
172.
The Mind
Manipulators, Scheflin & Opton (Grosset
& Dunlap, 1978); The Mind Stealers: Psychosurgery and Mind Control,
S. Chavkin (Houghton-Mifflin, 1978); "Proposal for the Center for
Reduction of Life-Threatening Behavior," J. West, 9/l/78; Correspondence,
Dr J. Stubblebine, Calif. Director of Health to Dr. Louis J. West, 1/22/73
(reprinted in Individual Rights, above); "Nike Nonsense: Army
Offers Unused Nike Bases to UCLA Violence Center," Madness Network News,
2/19/74; Mind Stealers, p. 91 (Drs. Mark, Ervin), and NYT,
2/7,10/79 (electrodes); LAT, 11/26/78 (Dr. West writes
"psycho-autopsy" of Jonestown.)
173.
NYT, 11/28/78 (criminal rehab program at Jonestown), and
1/25/79 (children); see also footnotes 21, 59, 64 (race, sex, age composition of
dead).
174.
Raven, p. 347. Holdinger Statement, 5,23/80; NYT,
11/23/78 (medical records).
175.
Control of
Candy Jones, Donald Bain (Playboy Press, 1979);
"The CIA's Electric Kool Aid Acid Test," Tad Szulc, Psychology
Today, 11/77. See also footnotes 170, 172 (books).
176.
Physical
Control of the Mind: Toward a Psychocivilized Society, José M. Delgado (Harper & Row, 1969); Psychotechnology:
Electronic Control of Mind & Behavior, Robert L. Schwitzgebel (Holt,
Rinehart & Winston, 1972).
177.
Hold Hands, p. 17; Children of Jonestown, p. 16 (population of
Georgetown, drugs); "Jones Community Found Stocked with Drugs to Control
the Mind," NYT, 12/29/78.
178.
Children of
Jonestown, p. 16; NYT, 12/29/78
("used to control").
179.
Children of
Jonestown, p. 16 (thorazine); NYT,
12/29/78 (drugs found); Daily World, 6/23/81 (Holsinger).
180.
Hold Hands, p. 12.
181.
Hold Hands, p. 190-3 (brainwash methods); Daily World, 6/23/81
(Holsinger).
182.
Hold Hands, p. 257 (Luckhoo, lawyer for Temple); White Night,
pp. 257-8 (Burnham "conversion"), Sir Lionel, Fred Archer
(Gift Publications, 1980) (Luckhoo biography); NYT, 12/15/79 (Luckhoo
has gotten 299 murder acquittals).
183.
"In the Spirit of Jimmy
Jones," Akwesasne Notes, Winter, 1982.
184.
"Full Gospel Businessmen Dine
with Kings," L.A. Herald, 1/29/85; "Annual White House Prayer
Breakfast," National Public Radio, 2/1/85 (mysterious fellowship).
185.
"Hundreds Were Slain Survivor
Says," LAT, 11/25/78; NYT, 12/6/78 (suicide plans); NYT,
11/21/78 and 12/10/78 (secrecy, panic, reaction to press coming).
186.
Journey to
Nowhere, pp. 56-7, 141; NYT,
11/23/78 (Freed calls Jones "Devil").
187.
Newsweek, 12/4/79; WP, 11/19/78 and ff, NYT, 11/20,
12/3/78, 10/11/79; Time, 12/4/78; "Nightmare in Jonestown"
(maps).
188.
Journey to
Nowhere, pp. 63-4; "Hill Rules Cult
with Iron Fist," Cleveland Plain Dealer, 12/4/78; NYT,
12/4,5/78.
189.
Daily World, 6/23/81, 10/23/80 (Holsinger and Cheddi Jagan); "Hill
Rules," CPD, 12/4/78 (Hill admits); NYT, 12/19/78 (guns
missing at site); Personal interview with Jagan, 1981 (guns, shoes).
190.
"Hill Rules," CPD,
12/4/78; CBS, "60 Minutes," 11/18/80 (Hill interviewed).
191.
"West German Concentration Camp
in Chile," Konrad Ege, Counterspy, 12/78.
192.
Death in
Washington, Don Freed (Lawrence Hill, 1980)
(Townley Welch); Aftermath, Lasislas Farago (Avon Press, 1974) (Bormann,
Mengele); NYT, 11/7/84 (Pisagua camp).
193.
Six Years, p. 122.
194.
The Politics of
Heroin in Southeast Asia, Alfred McCoy
(Harper & Row, 1974); "Jonestown Resettlement Plan," SFE,
8/18/80.
195.
Correspondence, EPICA, 4/2/80
(Dominca plan); NYT, 4/11, 5/6, 6/12/79 (complicated intermesh of Sam
Brown, Director of Peace Corps who invented Jamaica Plan, Dr. Peter Bourne and
his lover Mary King, appointed Deputy Director of Action programs, the scandal
of White House Drug Abuse advisor Bourne writing fake prescriptions for Carter
aide Ellen Metesky, later Peace Corps director herself, and the resignation of
the first Black Peace Corps administrator, Dr. Carolyn Payton (formerly
Caribbean Desk there) over disagreements with Brown on the Jamaican plans);
"The Jamaican Experiment," Atlantic Monthly, 9/83 (Reagan's
current plans).
196.
American Labor
& U.S. Foreign Policy, Ron Radosh,
p. 393 (cites other sources); Journey to Nowhere, p. 21 (Burnham, CIA
role, "right wing"); White Night, ($1 million destabilization
plan); "How the CIA Got Rid of Jagan," Neal Sheehy, London Sunday
Times, 2/23/67.
197.
White Night, p. 257; "CIA Agent Witnessed Jonestown Mass
Suicide," San Mateo Times, 12/14/79.
198.
White Night, p. 256; Who's Who in the CIA, Julius Mader (E.
Berlin, 1968); Dirty Work: CIA in Europe, Lou Wolff (Lyle Stuart, 1978);
Raven, p. 590, note 66 (for Dwyer's non-denial).
199.
Hold Hands, p. 29, 53; Raven, p. 534; Holsinger Statement,
5/23/80 (quote); "Don't Be Afraid to Die," Newsweek, 3/26/79; NYT,
3/15/79 (transcripts censor it); NYT, 11/19/79 (Dwyer at ambush); NYT,
12/7,9/78 (curious "discovery," delay).
200.
Daily World, 6/23/81 (Holsinger); NYT, 11/25/78 (biography).
201.
"Ryan's Ready," and
"People's Temple," Reiterman, SFE, 11/17/78; "Angry
Meeting in Guyana," Javers, SFC, 11/17/78.
202.
Assassination
of Leo J. Ryan, p. 9 (quote); Daily World,
6/23/81; NYT, 12/5,6,13/78 (role), 12/1/78 (cover-up with Blakey),
12/8/78 (biography).
203.
Information
Services Company, 7/80 (quote); Daily World,
6/23/81 ("sensitive Caribbean listening post," citing White Night).
204.
Daily World, 6/23/81 (Holsinger).
205.
"Performance of Department of
State and American Embassy in Guyana in the People's Temple Case," Dept.
of State (GPO, 1979); Daily World, 6/23/78 (Holsinger blames McCoy); Assassination
of Leo Ryan, pp. 699-704 (role); NYT, 11/30/78, 12/5/78, 5/4,16/79
(Embassy criticisms); NYT, 11/20-22/78 (gave Ryan no warning);
12/2,4-6/78 (hostile to Ryan, sent FOIA to Jones).
206.
Personal interview with Holsinger,
1980.
207.
CIA: A
Bibliography, R. Goehlert (Vance, 1980); Gehlen:
Spy of the Century, Edward Spiro (Random House, 197 1); The Pledge
Betrayed, Tom Bower (Doubleday, 1982); The Belarus Secret, John
Loftus (Knopf, 1982); Klaus Barbie: Butcher of Lyons, Tom Bower
(Pantheon, 1984); Quiet Neighbors, Allan Ryan (Harcourt, Brace,
Jovanovich, 1984); The Fourth Reich, Magnus Linklater (Hodder &
Stroughton, 1984); Nazi Legacy, Magnus Linklater (Holt, Rinehart &
Winston, 1985); Secrets of the SS, Glenn Infield (Stein & Day,
1982); Skorzeny: Hitler's Commando, Glenn Infield (St. Martin's, 1981);
"The Nazi Connection to the John F. Kennedy Assassination," Mae
Brussell, Rebel, 1982.
208.
In My Father's
House, (Dugway chapter); "Family
Tragedy," NYT, 12/4/78; Holsinger Statement, 5/23/80; Who's
Who (Marquis, 1980) (Dr. Layton).
209.
In My Father's
House, pp. 18, 19; The Crime and
Punishment of I.G. Farben, Joseph Borkin (Free Press, 1978); The
Sanctity of I.G. Farben's Spy Nests, Howard Armbruster (self-published,
1956); Treason's Peace, Howard Armbruster (1947); Trading with the
Enemy, op cit., footnote 163.
210.
"Family Tragedy: Hitler's
Germany to Jones Cult," Lindsey, NYT, 12/4/78.
211.
NYT, 12/4/78 (met in England), see footnote 209 (Farben link);
"Solvay et Cie Reorganizes U.S. Interests," Houston Post,
11/29/74.
212.
Holsinger
Statement, 5/23/80.
213.
Philadelphia
Inquirer, 11/22/78.
215.
White Night, p. 252 (minister); Baltimore Sun, 11/21/78 (Maria
says CIA).
217.
Public Eye, Vol. 1, #1, 1975. Proceedings, First Conference, WACL,
9125-9167 (Taipei, R.O.C., 1967).
218.
"Jones Disciple Goes to Court
Tuesday," Santa Cruz Sentinel, 6/19/81 (CIA link alleged at Layton
trial).
219.
White Night, pp. 2 10-11 (note), SFE, 2/8/79 ($ to USSR), NYT,
11/28/78 (suitcase); NYT, 11/28, 12/1,23/78 (details on her strange
"suicide-murder"), NYT, 12/18/78 (letter), and 11/28, 12/18/78
(Prokes & Carter identified).
220.
Nation, 3/26/79; "Jones Aide Dies After Shooting
Himself," Baltimore Sun, 3/15/79,12/8/78 ($2.5 million), NYT,
3/14/78 and Strongest Poison (FBI link).
221.
Hold Hands, p. 165 (move to USSR), SFC, 1/21/79 (details of
rumor), NYT, 11/27,28/78, 12/10/78, 1/1/79 (more details, quotes,
tapes).
222.
White Night, p. 229 (Guyana recovers $); NYT, 12/8 ($2.5 mil); NYT,
11/18, 12/19/78 (Soviets, $39,000, refusal), and see NYT, 11/28;
12/3,10,18-20/78; and 1/1,2,9/79 (for all the smarmy details).
224.
God's Banker, DiFonzi (Calvi), NYT, 6/31/82 (Panama story); NYT,
12/5/78 (Lane and Buford knew names on accounts), and see "Jonestown Banks"
(disappears).
225.
Time, 7/26/82.
226.
Children of
Jonestown, pp. 196-7 (orders from above).
227.
"Close Look at Carter's Radical
Fringe," Human Events, 11/11/78 (right wing view); Migration
& Development in the Caribbean, Robert Pastor (Westview Press, 1985).
228.
Hold Hands, p. 256; NYT, 11/21/78 (biography); also Strongest
Poison (interviews).
229.
White Night, p. 224 ("fearless"), NYT, 11/21/78
(biography).
230.
"The Case Against Mark
Lane," Brill, Esquire, 2/13/79; "Mark Lane: The Left's Leading
Hearse Chaser," Katz, Mother Jones, 8/79; "People's Temple
Colony Harassed," SFE, 10/4/78 (Lane charges CIA attack); NYT,
11/30/78 (Anthony Lewis critique); 12/5,7,16,29/78 (rumors and denials that
Lane and Buford drained Swiss bank accounts), 2/4/79 (contradictory remarks),
2/4, 4/4, 9/21/79 (more charges, fake identity, theft), see Strongest Poison
for comparison.
231.
Code Name Zorro, Lane & Gregory (Prentice-Hall, 1977).
232.
Hold Hands, p. 222; NYT, 6/14/78 (Lane as Ray's attorney); Investigation
of the Assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr., House Select Committee on
Assassinations (HSCA), Hearings, Vols. 1-9 (GPO, 1979); NYT, 8/8,16/78
(Lane's view of HSCA, conspiracy against him), and Strongest Poison.
233.
"Ray's Breakout," Time,
6/23/77.
234.
"Tennessee Clemency Selling
Scheme," Corrections, 6/79; "A Federal-State
Confrontation," National Law Journal, 5/11/81.
235.
NYT, 1/6,20/79 (Swearingen, documents), see also 1/16-18,27/79
Swearingen); Code Name Zorro, op cit.; NYT, 1/20/79
(Swearingen, Chicago FBI to 1971); "Investigating the FBI," Policy
Review, #18, Fall, 1981; David Martin "Breitel Report: New Light on
FBI Use of Informants," First Principles, 10/80; "Prying
Informants Files Loose from the Hands of Attorney General -- SWP v. Atty.
General of U.S.," Howard Law Journal, Vol. 22, #4, 1979.
236.
Personal call, 1978.
237.
Strongest Poison, p. 402.
238.
Code Name Zorro, pp. 165, 204-5.
239.
Ibid., p. 165.
240.
Ibid., Let the Trumpet Sound: The Life of Martin Luther King,
Oates (Mentor, 1982), p. 473.
241.
Code Name Zorro, p. 168.
242.
Ibid., pp. 161-4; Let the Trumpet Sound, p. 476.
243.
Code Name Zorro, pp. 165-70.
244.
Ibid., pp. 165-8, 205.
245.
Ibid., pp. 168-70.
246.
NYT, 12/22/78; 1/1/79 (Buford at Lane's home); Strongest
Poison, p. 402 (unconvincing denial), and see p. 1114 ("our house in
Memphis").
247.
"Memo Discusses Smuggling
Witness to Guyana," Horrock, NYT, 12/8/78; Strongest Poison,
p. 144 (testimony to HSCA).
248.
"Memo Discussing
Smuggling," op. cit., footnote 247.
249.
"Seven Mysterious Deaths,"
op cit., footnote 129.
250.
Hold Hands, pp. 18, 223; Assassination of Leo Ryan, pp. 3, 52-3
(text); Journey to Nowhere, p. 163 (Lane quote); NYT, 12/8/78
(discouraging Ryan).
251.
Hold Hands, p. 222; "Ryan's Ready," Reiterman, SFE,
11/17/78.
252.
Hold Hands, pp. 212-3, 223 (sandwiches); NYT, 12/8178; 1/12/79
(no warning).
253.
Hold Hands, pp. 43, 44; Strongest Poison, p. 175 (underwear); WP,
11/21/78.
254.
WP, 11/21/78.
255.
Hold Hands, pp. 212-3, 222, citing Anthony Lewis in NYT.
256.
No note is given in the original
manuscript.
257.
Let the Trumpet
Sound, p. 470 (brother, A.D. King with
MLK day of death); NYT, 7/1/74 ("accidental drowning" death of
A.D. King); Trumpet, pp. 472-3 (wound described), also Robert Cutler
analysis, Grassy Knoll Gazette, 1983; NYT, 10/25/74 (Dr. Herbert
MacDonnell, "no way" from window), 8/18/78 (Dr. Michael Baden to
HSCA, "shot from below").
258.
NYT, 2/14/74 (Ray gets rehearing); NYT, 7/1/74 (Alberta
King murdered 6/30/74); "Ray's Day in Court," Newsweek,
11/4/74; NYT, 10/18/74 (Ray v. Rose reheard); "Did James Earl Ray
Slay the Dreamer Alone?" Writer's Digest, 9/74.
259.
NYT, 10/30/74, "Tennessee Effort to Block Testimony
Overturned."
260.
"Another King Killed," NYT
Magazine, 6/8/74; "Third King Tragedy," Time, 7/15/74;
"Murder in a Church," Nation, 6/20/74; NYT, 6/30,
7/1,9,12/74 (Chenault biog., trial); "That Certain Smile," Newsweek,
6/15/74; NYT, 7/1,10/74 (psychiatric exam); NYT, 9/13/74 (blows
kisses, points finger "like a gun" at judge, prosecutor).
261.
NYT, 7/1-5/74 (Ohio "visitors" in Atlanta, Dayton
link to ministers, legal fees paid anonymously, FBI suspicious, Justice says
"no conspiracy").
262.
Dayton Journal
Herald, 7/2/74ff; NYT, 7/9/74
("The Troop" -- Steven Holinan, Walter Brooks, Ronald & Robert
Scott, Ramona Catlin, Almeda Water, Harvey Cox, Jr., Marcus Wayne Chenault); NYT,
7/4,8/74 (biography of Rev. Hananiah Emmanuel Israel, or Rabbi Israel, AKA
Rabbi Albert Emmanuel Washington, personal interview, Journal Herald
reporters, 1974.
263.
Journey to
Nowhere, pp. 63-4; "Hill Rules," CPD,
12/4/78, footnote 188 (Hill); NYT,
12/4174 ("Black Hebrew" Chenault).
264.
NYT, 7/1,3,7,8/74 (Chenault tells Abernathy of Troop plan
"to kill all Black civil rights leaders," "religious mission
partly accomplished," and death list found in Chenault apartment: Jesse
Jackson, Hosea, Cecil Williams, Martin Luther King, Sr., Ralph Abernathy, Rev.
Washington (a cousin), and Fr. Divine(!), already deceased).
266.
"Psyching Out the Cult's
Collective Mania," Drs. Delgado & J West, LAT, 11/26/78;
"The Appeal of the Death Trip," Robert J. Lifton, NYT Magazine,
1/7/79; NYT, 11/22/78, Robert Lifton ("explains"), 12/1/78
(Carter quote); 12/3/78 ("never know," Reston); 12/5/78 (Billy
Graham, "Satan").
267.
"Jonestown & the CIA: Black
Genocide Operation," Jonestown Research Project, 1981; "The
Expendable People," Committee on Racial Justice Reporter, Spring
1979; LAT, 12/18/78.
269.
Raven, p. 578 (ship in Caribbean); "Jonestown Banks," p. 4, (citing
McCann quote on KGO, San Francisco); NYT, 11/23/78 ("continue
Temple work").
270.
Personal interview, relative of
Grenadan family, 1984.
271.
"Medical Students Were in No
Danger," Peter G. Bourne, Oakland Tribune, 11/8/83.
272.
"Nomination of Director of Drug
Abuse Policy Office," Hearings, 5/13/77 (GPO, 1977); "Pipe
Dreams," P. Anderson, Washington Post Magazine, 2/14/80; NYT,
4/26/79 (White House Drug Scandal, U.N. post), see footnote 195.
273.
SFC, 12/10/84 (Gairy plan), see footnote 147 (Gairy/Jones link);
"Blue Christmas Coming Up," Air Force Magazine, 1/84
(precision bombing).
274.
"Bombed Grenada Hospital Gets
Bedding," WP, 9/27/84 (USAID, $1.2 million rebuild plan).
275.
Hold Hands, p. 257 (Luckhoo approached to defend); Raven, p.
576 (Layton trial); Raven, p. 571 (claims Ryan's killers dead, names
Kice, Wilson, Breidenbach, Touchette; what of others?), see footnotes 59, 65.
276.
NYT, 12/5/78 (Ryan's mother wanted full investigation), see footnote 63; NYT,
12/8,14,15,21/78; 1/4/79 (S.F. Grand Jury, delays, stonewalling, Stoen/Hunter).
277.
White Night, p. 232; Raven, p. 576 ($12 mil. hidden in accounts,
airlift cots); "Eerie Shoes: Missing Money," Time, 11/18/78;
"Assets Liquidated," Christian Century, 10/21/81; "Payoff
for a Massacre," Macleans, 9/6/72; NYT, 11/21,23,28,29,
12/3,21/78 (estimates of wealth), NYT, 11/25/78 and 5/19/79 (cost of
airlift, $2 to $4.4 mil.); NYT, 12/3,5,7,14/78 (Pentagon, Charles Garry,
Justice Department, families claim it), 12/19/78 and 1/3,24/79 and 2/11/79
(State Department, IRS, Guyanese, court receiver claim it).
278.
Hold Hands, p. 134; Raven, p. 590, note 66; Daily World,
6/23/81 (Holsinger suit); Personal interview with Holsinger, 1982 (suspects
military intelligence).
279.
NYT, 1/23/79 (Ryan's children sue Temple for $1 million); Raven,
p. 579; Personal interview with Holsinger, 1983; NYT, 10/11/79 (695
claims for "wrongful death," total $1.78 billion).
280.
Philadelphia
Inquirer, 4/1/81, "Hinckley
Profile," Sid Bernstein, WNET, NY, 1981; Breaking Points, Jack
& Jo Ann Hinckley (Chosen Books, 1985).
281.
"Who Shot RR," Lenny
Lapon, Continuing Inquiry, 5/22/81; "The Day the President Was
Shot," Investigative Reporter, 1/82.
282.
Lennon, What
Happened? Beckley (Sunshine Pubs., 1981);
"John Lennon's Killer, the Nowhere Man," C. Ungier, New York,
6/22/81.
283.
World Vision
Magazine, 1983; "Final Report of
Israeli Commission of Inquiry," Journal Palestinian Studies,
Spring, 1983; "Kahan Commission," Midstream, 6-7/83; Guardian,
11/17/81.
284.
"Terrorism in Miami:
Suppressing Free Speech," Counterspy, 3-5/84; Guardian,
11/17/81.
286.
Hold Hands, pp. 40, 165, 187 (photo).
287.
Journey to
Nowhere, pp. 234-5, Hold Hands, pp.
211-2 (FBI predict more); The Evidence of Things Not Seen, James Baldwin
(Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1985) (Wayne Williams, Atlanta child murders).
288.
"Jonestown Massacre
Recalled," WP, 11/19/84; 10/10/84 (homeless controversy);
"Political Storm Swirls Around Newcomers," NYT, 11/3/84; WP,
10/4/84 (quote).
289.
"Oregon City an Experiment in
Medical Care," L. Busch, Amer. Med. News, 10/26/84; Eugene, Oregon Register-Guard,
11/6/84 (injections).
290.
Politics of
Lying, David Wise (Random House, 1973);
see Tom Davis Books catalog for many sources.
291.
1984, George Orwell (New American Library, 1961) (The book was
originally entitled 1948, not 1984.) http://www.ratical.org/ratville/JFK/JohnJudge/Jonestown.html#p7
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