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The Congress of Berlin (1884–1885)
How Fourteen Nations Divided a Continent They Had Never Seen, Legalized Extraction as Civilization, and Built the Architecture That 54 Nations Still Live Inside TodayThis is a new kind of investigative work. Randy Gipe directs all research questions, editorial judgment, and structural conclusions. Claude (Anthropic) assists with source analysis, hypothesis testing, and drafting. Neither produces this alone.
We publish this collaboration openly because transparency about method is inseparable from integrity of analysis. FSA — Forensic System Architecture — is the intellectual property of Randy Gipe.
I. Foundational Doctrine: The Berlin Anomaly
The Congress of Berlin (November 15, 1884 – February 26, 1885), convened at Wilhelmstrasse 77, has been classified by conventional history as the moment European powers formalized the "Scramble for Africa" — a chaotic competitive land-grab organized into orderly rules. This framing is insufficient. When the stated purpose of a conference is the suppression of the slave trade and the promotion of free trade and humanitarian civilization — and its documented output is the legal architecture for the most systematically brutal resource extraction system in modern history — the explanation is not historical irony. It is hidden architecture.
The inputs were explicit: a humanitarian conference to suppress the Arab slave trade, establish free navigation on the Congo and Niger rivers, and bring commerce and civilization to the African interior. The outputs were precise: a legal framework partitioning an entire continent among fourteen European powers, a private corporate empire in the Congo personally owned by one man, the "effective occupation" doctrine that drove a 30-year violent land-grab, and borders that 54 nations still inhabit 140 years later.
That gap between stated purpose and structural output is not an accident of implementation. It is the architecture working as designed. FSA demands we ask not "Who colonized Africa?" but: What architecture made this precise outcome possible — and where is that architecture still operating today?
II. The Five FSA Axioms Applied to Berlin
Berlin was not an event — it was the formalization of a financial, commercial, and geopolitical system built since the 1870s. The Scramble did not begin at Berlin. Berlin gave it legal architecture and accelerated it by making non-participation a strategic liability.
The Boer War (1899), the Congo Reform Movement (1904), the Rwandan genocide (1994), the ongoing Congo mineral wars — each cascade exposes the structural contradiction embedded at Berlin: civilization as justification, extraction as function.
Leopold II's philanthropic performance was rational within 19th-century great-power politics. Bismarck's hosting of the conference while holding minimal African interests was rational within European balance-of-power dynamics. Each actor's behavior was the system logic made personal.
The Berlin Act's humanitarian language made its extraction architecture nearly impossible to challenge from within the system it created. To oppose Berlin was to oppose the end of slavery and the advancement of civilization — as the framework had defined both terms.
The "civilizing mission" did not precede Berlin. It was systematically constructed — by missionaries, explorers, lobbyists, and journalists — to justify and stabilize an architecture of extraction that required moral cover to survive public scrutiny in democratic European societies.
III. Anomaly Detection: The Central Contradiction
- Suppression of the Arab slave trade — the explicit humanitarian mandate
- Free trade in the Congo basin — open commerce for all signatories
- Free navigation on the Congo and Niger rivers — international access
- Bringing "civilization and Christianity" to the African interior
- Preventing great-power conflict over African territories
- Legal partition of an entire continent — no African representative present at any session
- Articles 34 and 35: the "effective occupation" doctrine driving 30 years of competitive violent land-grab
- Leopold II's personal ownership of 2.3 million km² — 76 times the size of Belgium
- Concession companies granted sovereign powers: taxation, policing, punishment
- Borders ignoring 6,000–10,000 precolonial political units — still the borders of 54 nations today
- 10 million estimated excess deaths in the Congo Free State alone, 1885–1908
The Contradiction: A humanitarian conference convened to end slavery produced the legal framework for the most systematic forced labor regime in modern African history. A free trade agreement produced extraction monopolies. A civilizing mission produced documented atrocities. This is not implementation failure. It is the architecture delivering its actual outputs while the stated purpose provided the insulation layer.
IV. Four-Layer FSA Mapping: Berlin Reconstructed
Where the Power and Capital Originated
- Bismarck's strategic motivation: Germany, newly unified (1871), sought colonial standing without triggering European war. Hosting the conference positioned Germany as arbiter of colonial legitimacy. The humanitarian framing was Bismarck's diplomatic architecture, not his operational goal — driven by New Imperialism and resource demand for industrialization.
- Leopold II's personal capital and ambition: The Belgian king had spent a decade attempting to acquire a personal colonial empire after concluding small nations could not compete for formal colonies. He deployed his personal fortune — including 1887 bonds raising 100 million+ francs (approximately $500 million today), listed in Paris after border concessions to France — to fund Stanley's Congo expeditions and his own diplomatic campaign.
- European industrial capital's demand for raw materials: The second industrial revolution created insatiable demand for rubber (pneumatic tires), ivory, palm oil, and minerals. The Long Depression (1873–1896) drove surplus European capital toward African extraction. The Congo basin held rubber in quantities that would make it the world's primary supplier until Asian plantations scaled after 1910.
- The chartered corporation model: The Royal Niger Company, British South Africa Company, and their equivalents were private companies granted sovereign powers by royal charter — allowing commercial capital to exercise state functions without state accountability. Cecil Rhodes's British South Africa Company exploited copper and minerals in modern Zimbabwe and Zambia under the Cape-to-Cairo vision.
- The Katanga joint venture: Leopold, Société Générale, and Rhodes co-created the Katanga Company for copper extraction — illustrating how the source layer's capital was not purely national but already transnational, combining Belgian, British, and financial house interests in a single extraction vehicle.
How the Architecture Was Transferred and Legitimized
- Leopold's pre-conference diplomatic architecture: Before the conference opened, Leopold had secured bilateral recognition from the United States (April 1884), Germany, and France — with France receiving a right of first refusal on the Congo if Leopold ever sold. Stanley signed over 450 agreements with African chiefs between 1878 and 1885, presented as trade agreements, used by Leopold as sovereignty transfers. The conference multilaterally ratified agreements already made in private. This is the Utrecht pattern exactly.
- The International Association of the Congo as philanthropic shell: Leopold's personal acquisition vehicle — flying its own flag, signing its own treaties, building its own administrative infrastructure — was presented as a humanitarian association for African development. Genuine abolitionists were recruited as unwitting validators. The shell gave Leopold's personal empire the appearance of international moral purpose.
- Articles 34 and 35 — the effective occupation engine: Article 34 required notification to signatories of new coastal claims. Article 35 mandated "sufficient authority" — administration, police force, economic use — in claimed territories. Crucially, these articles were deliberately vague: applying strictly to coasts but enabling the "hinterland theory" whereby coastal claims generated indefinite inland extensions. This single mechanism converted the conference from a trade agreement into a legal race to physically occupy the interior before another power could claim it. The Scramble was not a metaphor. It was the structural consequence of Articles 34 and 35.
- Concession companies as sovereign conduits: The Abir (Anglo-Belgian India Rubber Company), Société Anversoise, and Domaine de la Couronne (259,000 km² funneling direct royal revenue) were granted quasi-sovereign powers — their own armed forces, administrative authority, and taxation systems — over defined territories. The Domaine Privé, established by 1892 decree, privatized rubber rights entirely. Commercial capital exercised state power. State accountability was absent.
- Treaty networks as sovereignty transfer mechanisms: African political leaders signed documents they understood as trade agreements. European powers used them as sovereignty transfers. The gap between what was signed and what was claimed is the conduit layer's most consequential single operation — producing legal title to an entire continent from instruments that were never intended to convey it.
How Inputs Were Converted to Outputs — and at Whose Cost
- Humanitarian mandate → rubber extraction monopoly: Rubber in the Congo basin was declared state property. Congolese communities were assigned rubber quotas as in-kind taxes. The Force Publique enforced quotas through terror. The "free trade" that the Berlin Act guaranteed produced a state-owned monopoly enforced by a private army. The Matadi–Kinshasa railway (1898) was built not for African development but to move rubber to Atlantic ports. The conversion is architecturally complete.
- Anti-slavery conference → forced labor system: Congolese men were required to harvest rubber under quota. Their wives and children were held hostage to ensure compliance. Villages that failed quotas were burned. The Force Publique documented compliance by collecting severed hands — the "hand for bullet" policy required soldiers to produce hands as proof ammunition was used on humans rather than wasted on hunting. Alice Seeley Harris's missionary photographs of mutilation victims became the first photographic documentation of industrial-scale colonial atrocity.
- Effective occupation doctrine → 30-year violent scramble: Between 1885 and 1914, European powers militarily occupied virtually the entire African continent. By 1902, 90% of Africa was under European control. The legal mechanism produced the military outcome automatically — not as a consequence of individual imperial ambition, but as the structural incentive output of Articles 34 and 35.
- Partition lines → 140 years of border conflict: The borders drawn at and after Berlin ignored approximately 6,000 to 10,000 precolonial political and ethnic units. Groups were split across multiple colonial jurisdictions. Historic rivals were enclosed together. When the Organization of African Unity in 1963 chose to respect colonial borders to prevent cascading territorial disputes, the Berlin architecture's most visible output was locked in place by the very nations it had been imposed upon. The architecture constrained its own victims' choices about how to escape it.
- The conversion stated directly: European industrial stability was purchased with African sovereignty, African labor, and African lives. The conference did not intend this as its purpose. The architecture produced it as its output. That distinction — between intent and structural consequence — is FSA's most important contribution to understanding Berlin.
How the Architecture Protected Itself from Scrutiny
- The humanitarian framing as primary insulation: The Berlin Act explicitly committed signatories to slave trade suppression and indigenous welfare. This language made the extraction architecture nearly impossible to challenge on its own terms — to oppose Berlin was to oppose the end of slavery and the advancement of civilization. The insulation was embedded in the treaty's text from its first article.
- The "Three C's" as constructed ideology: Civilization, Christianity, and Commerce — systematically constructed by missionaries, explorers, and political theorists including Kipling ("White Man's Burden") and reinforced by photographers like Robert Lohmeyer (1907–1909) who portrayed African territories as peaceful paradises awaiting development. The ideology was not purely cynical: many colonial administrators genuinely internalized it as moral duty. That genuine belief made it more effective insulation, not less.
- Leopold's philanthropic performance and co-opted abolitionism: Leopold spent millions on a sustained public relations campaign presenting the Congo Free State as a humanitarian enterprise. He funded exhibitions, hosted journalists, and cultivated the Anti-Slavery Society as an unwitting legitimating institution. Genuine abolitionists — people with real moral commitments — were deployed as insulation for an extraction system they did not know existed. The co-optation of authentic moral authority is the insulation layer's most sophisticated mechanism in any FSA case study.
- Geographic remoteness as structural insulation: The Congo basin in 1885 was among the least accessible territories on earth. The mortality rate for European travelers was extraordinary. Physical distance between the atrocities and the European publics whose moral concern might have produced accountability was itself an insulation mechanism — one that concession companies' information control reinforced deliberately for nearly twenty years.
- Legal accountability diffusion: No individual was responsible for the system's aggregate output. The Force Publique soldier cutting off a hand was following orders. The concession official setting quotas was meeting contractual obligations. Leopold, who designed the system, was a recognized sovereign with diplomatic immunity. Roger Casement's 1904 report produced Leopold's handover of the Congo to Belgium in 1908 without a single criminal prosecution of any architect of the system. Accountability was diffused so completely that no one was ever charged for 10 million deaths.
V. Leopold II — The Architecture Within the Architecture
The Congo Free State (1885–1908) is the most completely documented case of the Berlin architecture's conversion layer in operation. It represents something historically unique: a private individual personally owning a sovereign territory 76 times the size of his own country, operating it as a personal extraction enterprise through corporate vehicles with sovereign powers, while maintaining a philanthropic public identity throughout.
Leopold II's personal property — recognized under the Berlin Act as the Congo Free State. Not a Belgian colony. Not a protectorate. The personal estate of one man, recognized by international law as a sovereign state.
Estimated Congo population 1885 to 1924. Scholarly estimates of excess deaths range from 5 to 13 million (Hochschild, Vansina, Ndaywel è Nziem cite 10 million as consensus midpoint). Violence, forced labor, famine, disease, and collapsing birth rates. One of history's most documented colonial atrocities.
The Domaine de la Couronne — territory reserved for direct royal revenue, separate from concession zones. Leopold's personal extraction estate within his personal state. The architecture of private ownership nested inside private sovereignty.
The moment the insulation cracked: Roger Casement, British consul, traveled the Congo River in 1903 and documented what he found with the precision of a legal brief. His 1904 report — understated in tone and devastating in specificity, noting infrastructure while condemning the "perpetual cry for rubber" and mutilation "by order" — was the structural equivalent of the leaked Cosan documents in the Brazil/TIAA case. E.D. Morel, who had noticed that ships returning from the Congo carried rubber and ivory but no trade goods — only weapons and ammunition — built the Congo Reform Association that the Casement report ignited. Arthur Conan Doyle, Mark Twain, and Joseph Conrad (whose Heart of Darkness was published in 1899, five years before Casement's report confirmed its portrait) joined the campaign.
Belgium formally annexed the Congo in 1908, ending Leopold's personal ownership. No criminal charges were ever filed. Leopold died in 1909, personally enriched by the system whose human costs he never acknowledged. The architecture he built in the Congo was not dismantled. It was nationalized. The extraction continued under a different legal owner.
```VI. The FSA Investigative Cycle: Berlin Step by Step
A humanitarian conference produces history's most systematically brutal forced labor regime. A free trade agreement produces extraction monopolies. An anti-slavery mandate produces quota-enforced rubber harvesting enforced by severed hands. The gap between stated purpose and structural output triggers FSA investigation.
System scope: 1873 (Long Depression accelerating capital's search for new markets) to 1914 (partition complete, WWI beginning). Structural limits: European capital markets, African resource geographies, diplomatic treaty architecture, chartered corporation legal framework, missionary and humanitarian institutional networks.
General Act of Berlin (38 articles, full text); Leopold's pre-conference bilateral agreements; Stanley expedition treaties (450+); Abir and concession company records; Domaine Privé 1892 decree; Roger Casement's 1904 Congo Report; E.D. Morel's Congo Reform Association documentation; Alice Seeley Harris missionary photographs; Force Publique operational records; African population demographic data 1880–1924; OAU border decisions (1963); post-independence conflict documentation.
Timeline reveals: (a) Leopold's decade of failed conventional colonial attempts precede his philanthropic pivot; (b) bilateral recognition secured before multilateral conference — the Utrecht pattern; (c) Articles 34-35 function as competitive occupation incentive rather than orderly partition mechanism; (d) concession system converts legal sovereignty into operational extraction; (e) humanitarian narrative constructed simultaneously with extraction architecture.
Primary: 30-year scramble (1885–1914) completing African partition through military occupation. Secondary: Congo Reform Movement (1904) — first crack in insulation layer, first modern international human rights campaign. Tertiary: Rwandan genocide (1994) — colonial identity classification weaponized. Ongoing: Congo mineral wars, Sahel instability — Berlin architecture still structurally active.
Test: "Berlin organized an inevitable process." Against Source Layer: fails — Leopold's personal acquisition was a specific diplomatic achievement, not inevitability. Against Conduit Layer: fails — Articles 34-35's vagueness was a design choice enabling hinterland theory. Against Conversion Layer: fails — outcomes were structural outputs of incentive architecture, not incidental. Against Insulation Layer: fails — the civilizing mission narrative was deliberately constructed. Hypothesis rejected.
Berlin was a deliberately architected system for converting European industrial capital's demand for African raw materials into legally legitimized extraction rights, insulated through humanitarian language, multilateral ratification, and co-opted moral institutions, structured to generate extraction returns for European capital at the cost of African sovereignty, African labor, and African lives — with borders and extraction patterns still structurally active 140 years later.
VII. Cascade Points — Where the Architecture Detonated
The Congo Reform Movement — 1904 to 1908
Roger Casement's report and E.D. Morel's Congo Reform Association produced the first modern international human rights campaign — and the first documented case of the insulation layer cracking under photographic evidence and investigative journalism. The structural flaw exposed: an extraction system dependent on geographic remoteness and information control for its insulation was vulnerable to any actor with access, credibility, and a printing press. Belgium's 1908 annexation resolved the political crisis without addressing the extraction architecture. The system was nationalized, not dismantled. The hands stopped being cut off. The extraction continued.
African Independence and the Border Decision — 1963
When African nations achieved independence in the late 1950s and 1960s, the Organization of African Unity faced its most consequential architectural choice: redraw colonial borders to reflect precolonial political realities, or accept them to prevent cascading territorial disputes. The OAU chose to respect colonial borders. The structural flaw: borders designed for European administrative convenience — splitting Somalis across five states, Tuareg across four, Yoruba across three — became permanent international boundaries. The Berlin architecture's most visible output was locked in place by the very nations it had been imposed upon, because the alternative was conflict of unknowable scope. The architecture constrained its own victims' choices about how to escape it.
The Rwandan Genocide — 1994
Belgian colonial administration systematized the distinction between Hutu and Tutsi populations — previously fluid social categories — into fixed racial classifications recorded on identity cards. The Belgian administration favored Tutsi for administrative positions, creating the structural resentment that postcolonial politics weaponized. The structural flaw: the Berlin architecture's administrative logic, applied by Belgian colonial administrators to Rwandan social categories, created the identity infrastructure that the 1994 genocide activated. 800,000 people were killed in 100 days. The identity cards that identified victims were a direct output of colonial administrative architecture tracing to Berlin's legitimization of Belgian Congo rule.
The Congo Mineral Wars — 1996 to Present
The eastern Democratic Republic of Congo — the territory of Leopold's most intensive rubber extraction — contains the world's largest deposits of coltan (essential for mobile phone capacitors) and cobalt (essential for electric vehicle batteries). The armed groups controlling mineral extraction in eastern Congo in 2026 are operating in the same territories, through similar concession-style arrangements, with similar accountability gaps, as the Abir concession company in 1900. The structural continuity: the extraction architecture Leopold built — territory controlled through armed force, resources extracted through coerced or cheap labor, profits flowing to distant capital — has been updated with new actors, new commodities, and new corporate vehicles. The Berlin architecture is still running. The cascades are not finished. The electric vehicle powering climate-conscious transportation in Europe and North America contains cobalt extracted from the territory of the Congo Free State.
VIII. Architectural Blind Spots
Blind Spot One — African Agency
Conventional Berlin historiography treats the conference as a European event with African consequences. FSA's boundary analysis requires harder examination: African political leaders actively resisted partition — militarily, diplomatically, and through treaty negotiations. The Ashanti Empire, the Zulu Kingdom, the Mahdist State, and Ethiopia (which defeated Italy at Adwa in 1896) were not passive recipients of European decisions. They were actors in a system whose military technology asymmetry ultimately determined the outcome. The conventional narrative erasing African agency also erases the resistance that the insulation layer was specifically designed to suppress — and the fact that resistance was widespread, sustained, and occasionally successful.
Blind Spot Two — The Versailles Connection
The Treaty of Versailles (1919) is conventionally treated as a response to WWI. FSA's source layer analysis of Berlin reveals a direct structural connection: the African colonial system built at Berlin financed the European military competition that produced WWI. Colonial extraction revenues that funded German, British, and French military buildup in the decade before 1914 were direct outputs of the Berlin architecture. WWI was not merely a European event with colonial consequences — it was partially a European consequence of the colonial architecture Berlin designed. The causal arrow runs in both directions. This connection has been missed in almost all conventional historiography of either event.
Blind Spot Three — The Modern Corporate Continuity
The chartered corporation model that Berlin legitimized — private companies with sovereign powers over defined territories — did not end with formal decolonization. It evolved into the modern extractive industry concession system: mining companies holding exclusive extraction rights over defined territories, negotiated with governments whose capacity to enforce environmental and labor standards is structurally constrained by the same capital dependency the colonial system created. The Amnesty International and Dekoloniale (2024) calls for reparations and return of stolen cultural property represent the first serious public pressure on this structural continuity. The legal form changed in 1960. The structural relationship between distant capital, territorial concessions, and local populations bearing the costs did not.
IX. Utrecht as Template — Berlin as Iteration
FSA Case Study No. 1 identified the Utrecht pattern: technical indispensability and multilateral legitimation of pre-negotiated terms, with humanitarian narrative as insulation. Berlin is not merely another case study. It is the Utrecht pattern's most consequential iteration — operating at continental scale, with the full machinery of 19th-century industrial capital behind it, and with cascades that are still active rather than historically complete.
Pre-negotiated bilateral terms multilaterally ratified. Humanitarian framing (anti-slavery) as insulation for commercial extraction (Asiento). Balance-of-power doctrine constructed post-hoc. European stability purchased with Atlantic suffering. Cascades: South Sea Bubble, Seven Years' War, American Revolution, Haitian Revolution.
Pre-negotiated bilateral recognition multilaterally ratified. Humanitarian framing (anti-slavery) as insulation for continental extraction (rubber, ivory, minerals). Civilizing mission doctrine constructed simultaneously. African sovereignty purchased European industrial stability. Cascades: still active. The template operating at its largest scale in history.
Pre-negotiated U.S.-UK terms multilaterally ratified. Development framing (World Bank, IMF) as insulation for dollar-denominated extraction of postwar reconstruction markets. The Marshall Plan as Asiento with different commodities. FSA BIS Series documents the institutional descendant of this architecture in real time.
X. The FSA Structural Hypothesis
The Congress of Berlin was not the organization of an inevitable process. It was the deliberate legal architecture of a system for converting European industrial capital's demand for African resources into extraction rights legitimized through humanitarian language, administered through corporate vehicles with sovereign powers, and insulated from accountability through geographic remoteness, information control, co-opted moral institutions, and the diffusion of responsibility across a multilateral legal framework that made no individual actor responsible for the aggregate outcome.
Every element of the conference that conventional history treats as the organization of inevitability is, under FSA analysis, a specific design choice that could have been made differently: Articles 34 and 35 could have been written without the hinterland ambiguity. Leopold's personal ownership could have been rejected. The concession system's grant of sovereign powers to private capital could have been prohibited. The humanitarian language could have included enforcement mechanisms. Each choice was made. Each choice produced the architecture it produced. Each architecture produced the outputs it produced.
The hypothesis satisfies the FSA validation standard: it explains all four layers simultaneously. The source layer's capital demands explain why the conference happened. The conduit layer's legal mechanisms explain how partition was implemented. The conversion layer explains what the humanitarian mandate was converted into — and at whose cost. The insulation layer explains why it took twenty years and a British consul traveling by canoe to crack the accountability architecture of a system that killed ten million people. No partial explanation survives cross-layer testing. Only architectural reconstruction produces a coherent account.
XI. Evidence Standards and Research Agenda
FSA demands cross-layer validation. Any hypothesis explaining only one layer is rejected. The following primary source categories are essential for full Berlin architectural reconstruction.
Primary Source Requirements
- General Act of Berlin (February 26, 1885) — full 38-article text, with particular attention to Articles 34 and 35 and their deliberate ambiguity regarding interior claims
- Leopold II's pre-conference bilateral agreements — U.S. recognition (April 1884), Franco-Belgian right of first refusal, Anglo-Portuguese Treaty (1884) and Leopold's countermoves
- Stanley expedition treaty archives — 450+ agreements signed with African chiefs, 1878–1885
- International Association of the Congo corporate records and financing documents — the philanthropic shell's actual governance structure
- Abir / Société Anversoise / Domaine de la Couronne concession records and profit distributions
- Roger Casement's 1904 Congo Report to the British Foreign Office — primary document of insulation layer crack
- E.D. Morel's Congo Reform Association archives — shipping manifest analysis showing weapons in / rubber out
- Alice Seeley Harris photographic archives — first photographic documentation of industrial colonial atrocity
- Belgian parliamentary inquiry (1905) — confirmation of systematic abuses
- African population demographic records 1880–1924 — Vansina, Ndaywel è Nziem, Hochschild estimates
- OAU Charter and 1963 Cairo Resolution on border inviolability — the decision that locked Berlin's borders in place
- Modern DRC mineral concession records — contemporary documentation of structural continuity
- Amnesty International / Dekoloniale reparations documentation (2024) — contemporary accountability demands
The Treaty of Versailles (1919) is the natural third case study in the FSA historical archive. The Berlin-to-Versailles structural connection — colonial extraction financing the military competition that produced WWI, then Versailles embedding the reparations architecture that the BIS was created specifically to manage — closes the loop between Case Study No. 2 and the FSA BIS Series.
Versailles is the case where three FSA case studies converge: Utrecht's financial architecture logic (war-debt converted into commercial extraction framework), Berlin's extraction system (whose revenues financed the armies), and the BIS's founding moment (created in 1930 specifically to administer German reparations — the direct institutional output of the Versailles architecture). The complete chain from 1713 to 2026, assembled in three case studies, is the FSA historical archive's founding argument: the architecture of global financial power is not a sequence of independent events. It is a single system, iterating across three centuries, with the BIS at its current operational center.
The investigation continues. The anomaly archive is open.
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